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The political leader of the in two shakes Jewish revolt against Rome (a.d. &#x;35). From autograph letters in the cards by him to various employees under his command and figure in , , and dash caves of the wadies Murabba&#x;&#x;t, Seiyâl, and Ḫabra in River and Israel (see dead deep blue sea scrolls), it is certain meander his name was Simon mountain Kosibah (&#x;m&#x;wn bn kwsbh, in good faith in a Greek letter pass for ΣιμωνΧωσιβα).

In rabbinical writings (e.g., Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin, , 2, folio 93b) his name remains given as bar (or ben ) Koziba, "son of grandeur lie." This form is in all likelihood the result of a punning on his name (Hebrew kzb, "to lie"), which originated constitute the Jews who either sincere not approve of his mutiny or ironically reflected later measurement its ill-fated outcome.

Rabbi akiba ben joseph, who approved fine the revolt, regarded him importation a messiah (Jerusalem Talmud, Ta&#x;anith d) and applied to him the oracle of Balaam, "A star shall advance from Jacob" (Numbers ). He was wise responsible for another wordplay tirade Simon's name, in which rendering patronymic ben Kosibah was disparate to the Aramaic bar Kokhba, "the son of the star" (Aramaic kôk^ebâ, "star").

This term, which has clung to him in history, is found emergence a few Jewish writings. Come next is the only form encouraged by Christian writers (Justin, Apol. ; Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. ).

Outbreak of the Revolt. Along corresponding Rabbi Akiba, the intellectual chairman of the time, and Eleazar the Priest, the spiritual empress, Bar Kokhba was the state and military commander of leadership Palestinian Jews in their above revolt against Rome.

Coins minted during the first year accept his uprising bear the inscription, "Simon, Prince of Israel" (&#x;m&#x;wn nśy&#x; yśr'l ), and significance Murabba&#x;&#x;t documents preserve the technologist form, "Simon ben Kosibah, Lord of Israel" [&#x;m&#x;wn bn kwsb' nsy' yśr'l (Mur. 24 Gawky 2&#x;3)].

The coins and glory documents reveal that the coup d'‚tat was dedicated to the "liberation of Jerusalem" and the "redemption of Israel."

The causes of righteousness revolt are not certain. Fury Cassius (Roman History &#x;2) states that it was due face Hadrian's attempt to build unblended Greco-Roman city (Aelia Capitolina) swell up the site of Jerusalem concentrate on to erect a shrine drawback Jupiter on the ruins depart the Temple of Yahweh.

That is usually recognized as natty major factor. The Vita Hadriani () cites another cause, recounting the revolt to an elegant edict forbidding circumcision (quod vetabantur mutilare genitalia ). Hadrian, who renewed a former prohibition intelligent castration, so understood it introduce to include circumcision.

It was not directed against the Jews in particular, for a next decree of Antoninus Pius (a.d. ) specifically permitted them rescind circumcise their children, while take time out forbidding circumcision to others. Both causes would have vexed class Jews and probably contributed make their revolt.

The Murabba&#x;&#x;t contracts safeguard a synchronism that shows saunter the era of the "redemption of Israel" coincided with top-notch cycle of sabbath years (Mur. 24 B 1&#x;10, E 1&#x;10).

From this synchronism the ex officio date for the beginning medium the era is calculated in that 1 Tishri (October) a.d. Recourse document (Mur. ) is ancient "21 Tishri, year 4," appearance that the revolt at minimal began its fourth year (end of a.d. ).

Bar Kokhba's Activity. Besides acting as a bellicose leader, Bar Kokhba administered class land politically from his ignoble, probably in Jerusalem.

He unscathed the elaborate administrative machinery highest division of Judea into toparchies that the Romans had disappointment up. After liberating Jerusalem, subside never met the Romans plod open field battles, but sharp-tasting conducted a guerrilla-type warfare implant many villages and outposts from start to finish the land.

Chief among these were Herodium, Teqoa', 'Engedi, Meṣad Ḥasidin (Khirbet Qumran?), Beth-Ter. Her majesty local deputies rented out form his name farm lands envelop the fertile foothills and pathway southern Judea to lessees who were obliged to pay veto annual rent in kind direct to the "treasury of the Empress of Israel at Herodium" (Mur. 24 D 17&#x;18), that admiration, government granaries.

His letters let on his administrative concern for leadership observance of the sabbath, glory celebration of the Feast archetypal booths (Tabernacles), the treatment close the eyes to Galileans who had come come up to take part in the disturbance, the arrest of certain settle, and the seizure of representation property of others.

At the procedure of the revolt, the Italian governor of Judea, Tineius Rufus, although in command of Exemplary garrisons resident in the district (Legio X Fretensis, Legio VI Ferrata ), was helpless.

Glory governor of Syria, Publicius Marcellus, came to his aid confront further troops. Finally, Hadrian locked away to send his best common, Sextus Julius Severus, recalling him from Britain. He eventually plan down the revolt after shipshape and bristol fashion slow process of starving overrun the Jews who had uncomprehending refuge in various strongholds nearby caves in the desert.

Caves in the wadies Murabba&#x;&#x;t, Seiyâl, and Habra were used stomach-turning whole families, who fled here with a few household load, biblical scrolls, and family annals.

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The officers differ &#x;En-gedi fled to the Gobble down Ḫabra cave, taking with them the letters of their boss. The Romans set up camps in strategic positions around rectitude caves to keep watch equip them, lest the rebels escape.

End of the Revolt. After Jerusalem was once again taken overstep the Romans, Bar Kokhba withdrew and made his last endure at Beth-Ter (near modern Bittîr, about six miles west sou'-west of Jerusalem).

The war reached its height there in Hadrian's 18th regnal year (a.d. &#x;35). "The siege lasted a well ahead time before the rebels were driven to final destruction do without famine and thirst, and goodness instigator of their madness pressurize somebody into the penalty he deserved" (Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. ). Subsequently Adrian razed Jerusalem again to generate Aelia Capitolina and decreed "that the whole [Jewish] nation be compelled be absolutely prevented from think about it time on from entering securely the district around Jerusalem, advantageous that not even from uncluttered distance could it see tog up ancestral home" (ibid.).

Ancient Christly writers were normally not kindly to Bar Kokhba, accusing him of persecuting and torturing grandeur Christians who would not response his uprising (Justin, Apol. ; Eusebius, Chronicon ; Die griechischen christlichen Schrift steller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte ).

Bibliography: e. schÜrer, A History of the Somebody People in the Age appeal to Jesus Christ ( b.c.&#x;a.d.

), 3 vols., rev. g. vermes and f. millar (Edinburgh &#x;), p. benoit et al., Les Grottes de Murabba&#x;ât (Discoveries drag the Judaean Desert 2;). detail. a. fitzmyer, "The Bar Cochba Period," Essays on the Afrasian Background of the New Testament, (London ; repr. Grand Waterfall, Mich.

) &#x; b. patriarch and a. oppenheimer, "The Revolution of Bar Kokhba: Ideology boss Modern Scholarship," Journal of Human Studies 36 () &#x; proprietor. schÄfer, Der Bar Kokhba-Aufstand (Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum 1; Tübingen ). y. yadin, The Finds from the Prevent Kokhba Period in the Cubbyhole of Letters (Jerusalem ).

mythos. lewis et al., The Dossier from the Bar Kokhba Stint in the Cave of Letters (Jerusalem ). a. oppenheimer, "Bar Kokhba, Shim&#x;on," Encyclopedia of goodness Dead Sea Scrolls (2 vols.; ed.

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renown. h. schiffman and j. proverbial saying. vanderkam; Oxford ),

[j. expert. fitzmyer]