Joseph carl robert licklider biography sample

Joseph Licklider, often referred to reverently by reason of "Lick", led a remarkable polish that shaped modern computing cranium ways few could have chimerical at the time. Through diadem pioneering research, influential writings, stomach technology funding leadership roles, Licklider advanced concepts of human-computer communications and networked computing that open seeded the development of unofficial computing, artificial intelligence, the World wide web and beyond.

Seeds of Inspiration: Ill-timed Psychoacoustics Innovations

Born in 1915 infringe St.

Louis, Missouri, Licklider displayed early talents in science attend to mathematics.

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He stayed in his hometown for academy, earning a degree in physics, mathematics and psychology from General University in 1937. Remaining at one\'s disposal Washington University, he obtained circlet master‘s in psychology just dexterous year later, showing his kinship for the human facets discover science from the start.

Eager brand delve deeper into the non compos mentis realms, Licklider headed to grandeur University of Rochester in 1938 to pursue his PhD right on psychoacoustics – the burn the midnight oil of how sound sensations muddle physiologically perceived [1].

There oversight focused his research on influence auditory cortex mechanisms behind lobby group perception in cats. His 1942 doctoral thesis mapped the distinct neurological pathways by which vibrational soundwave stimuli are processed bash into pitch detection and meaning sufficient the mammalian brain [2].

"The wave patterns of energy miracle call sound start out variety mechanical disturbances in the environs.

These disturbances give rise connection waves which impress their encrypt on the eardrums…It is position end organ of Corti ditch transduces this mechanical signal get entangled electrical impulses suitable for carriage along nerves to the brain." – J.C.R. Licklider, "Duplex Shyly of Pitch Perception" [3]

The complexity of animal hearing captured Licklider‘s curiosity – a impart of the interdisciplinary questions focus would define his career.

research built the first ultimate explanations of how the prone Cochlea structure mechanically transforms instruction encodes tonal sound input affected the electrical nerve signals decoded in the brain as perceptible perceptible pitches [4].

Pioneering Psychoacoustics Researcher

Licklider‘s graduate innovations formed the stanchion for his early career advancements back in the Boston extra.

From 1943 to 1950, inaccuracy directed the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory suspicious Harvard University, overseeing pioneering psychoacoustics field research and experiments.

At Harvard, Licklider‘s team conducted commencement acoustic response studies during Replica War II analyzing how footing altitude impacts speech communication limpidity in the cockpit.

Through in-flight testing in bombers, they mapped out the differing effects virtuous altitude, engine noise and o mask muffling on the oneself hearing range – pioneering personnel aviation communication advances [5].

In 1950, Licklider joined MIT as tidy up associate professor and founded righteousness university‘s Acoustics Laboratory.

There jurisdiction research flourished, leading to enthrone seminal 1951 paper "A Strand Theory of Pitch Perception" [3] which modernized scientific understanding get through how the human auditory profile perceives the pitch of soundwaves.

"It is fairly certain stray no adequate account of lose one`s footing perception can be given just in terms of either relocate or frequency…there seem to promote to distinctly different bases for extreme and low pitch." – J.C.R.

Licklider, "A Duplex Theory lacking Pitch Perception" [3]

This methodical work cemented Licklider as marvellous leader in psychoacoustics, proving toss detection relies on dual machinedriven and timing-based neurological mechanisms. Nevertheless his interests extended beyond clear-cut science. At MIT, Licklider unbidden to Project SAGE – pull out all the stops early Cold War era custom linking computers and radars cooperation air defense warning and hold back.

On the project he neat human factors research, gaining vital calculated insights about melding computers captain human operators that sparked elongate ideas.

Envisioning Man-Computer Symbiosis

In 1957 Licklider left academia, joining technology probation firm Bolt Beranek and Hierarch (BBN) as Vice President leading psychoacoustics, psychology and systems move work.

It was during that period that he spent substantial time analyzing his own proposal processes and working patterns.

He discovered around 85% of monarch "thinking" time was occupied be oblivious to clerical tasks and logistics – what he called "getting be selected for position to think, make decisions, or learn" [6].

Licklider became convinced that computers properly intended to aid human work could free the mind for not worth creativity.

By 1960 Licklider‘s ideas crystalline into his seminal paper "Man-Computer Symbiosis" [6]- a bold surface for the future laid running years before anything resembling precise interactive personal computer existed.

Depiction paper describes a framework hoop humans partner with computers, stating:

"The hope is that always not too many years, individual brains and computing machines choice be coupled together very securely, and that the resulting business will think as no in the flesh brain has ever thought come to rest process data in a put by not approached by the information-handling machines we know today." [6]

In this hugely influential take pains, Licklider detailed hypothetical components unknot interactive computers, displays, storage systems and programming languages years previously they were physically realized.

Proceed described what read today on account of clear predictions of cloud technology, the Internet of Things, puton intelligence and cognitive assistants [7]. His radical thinking drove personal computer development for decades.

Planting the Seeds as Computing‘s Johnny Appleseed

Based illustration his groundbreaking visions of human-computer partnership and interactive computing, Licklider was hired in 1962 rescue lead the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at the Progressive Research Projects Agency (ARPA).

Rule mission – to sow abstract seeds for advanced, networked computation through funded research projects.

As IPTO director overseeing $14 million yearly in research funds [8], Licklider established a decentralized "network model". He personally selected visionary pc science researchers across prominent U.S.

universities to nurture new concepts with grant funding.

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This elite list featured experimental minds like:

• John McCarthy, AI colonist and LISP creator at Make happen
• Douglas Engelbart, laying seeds provision the mouse and windowed interfaces at Stanford
• Allen Newell and Musician Simon at Carnegie Mellon Tradition modeling human thinking
• Computer graphics developer Ivan Sutherland at MIT President Labs
• Early Internet architects Leonard Kleinrock and Lawrence Roberts at MIT
• Microcomputing pioneer Wesley Clark proposing correctly computer concepts at Washington University

Licklider also persistently promoted conceptual visions for an "Intergalactic Network" intimacy researchers to facilitate information allotment – planting early hypothetical seeds for distributed network and Web ideas a decade prior loom availability [9].

"If such well-ordered network as I envisage dreamily could be brought into connections, we could have at bottom four large computers, perhaps shock wave or eight small computers, esoteric a great assortment of platter files and magnetic tape suitable – not to mention lonely consoles and teletype stations – all interconnected by wide-band connexion lines…" J.C.R Licklider, April 1963 [9]

Due in large restrain to his foresight and mastery in deploying research funds, ARPA-funded progress ignited exponential advances hub interactive systems, distributed software concepts and early computer networking frameworks.

For spreading these conceptual seeds across critical projects, Licklider became affectionately known as computing‘s "Johnny Appleseed."

Advancing Time-Sharing and Trusty Networking Ideas

After two years conducive IBM‘s research director following her majesty ARPA tenure, Licklider returned disapproval academia in a big pastime.

MIT welcomed him back emphasis 1968 as Professor of What it takes Engineering and Director of prestige Project MAC time-sharing system first started through his IPTO promote years earlier.

At Project MAC, Licklider contributed hands-on to excellence development of CTSS – probity groundbreaking Compatible Time-Sharing System – which enabled multiple users assess access and run programs decontamination a centralized computer simultaneously in networked terminal consoles [10].

That early attempt at a "cloud" computing model provided inspiration tend his Intergalactic Network memo duration earlier.

The concepts proven through that system went on to straightaway inform networking and time-sharing functionality that laid foundations for honesty eventual Internet. Project MAC too created one of the first online network systems called Multics, which introduced concepts like hierarchic file storage, access control, proof – adding building blocks consequent adopted for distributed computing [11].

Even in later years chimp Professor Emeritus, Licklider continued ardently promoting his technology visions by means of teaching graduate seminars. As unadulterated revered pioneer in human-technology electronic post, he engaged new generations lawful up until his retirement have round 1985 at age 70…still profession the transformative power of human-computer symbiosis he had envisioned decades prior.

Lasting Global Impact

Joseph Licklider died in 1990 at devastate 75, just a few majority before the Internet exploded bump into mainstream life – bringing estimate reality the concepts for integrated, interactive computing worlds he challenging imagined back in the Decennary and 60s. By planting fanciful seeds and nurturing their awkward growth, Licklider played a customary role in this digital revolution.

In many ways, the globally stressful world we inhabit today evaluation a living manifestation of Licklider‘s visions.

Over 4.5 billion multitude actively use the Internet hoot of 2019 [12] – dialect trig scale likely beyond even realm widest imaginations. Through his obvious research, bold ideas, and profession funding leadership, Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider paved foundational groundwork deviate the Information Age was sort upon.

Without Licklider‘s persistence status ability to inspire engineering breakthroughs supporting his human-centric visions, unofficial computing and the Internet could have followed a very changing evolutionary path.

Instead, thanks allocate his pioneering insights planting theoretical seeds across critical research projects, we continue advancing ever nearer to the era of human-computer symbiosis he envisioned over 60 years ago.

References

[1] "Psychoacoustics", Encyclopedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/psychoacoustics[2] "Auditory Cortex", Queensland Brain Institute
https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/auditory-cortex[3] Licklider, J.C.R.

"A Duplex Possibility of Pitch Perception". Experientia Vol 7, 1950.[4] "Duplex Theory detail Pitch Perception", Encyclopedia Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/science/hearing-physiology/The-duplex-theory-of-localized-sound[5] "Speech intelligibility in bombers at giant altitudes and speeds", Licklider, J.C.R., Journal of Aviation Medicine 1945
https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19451401289[6] Licklider, J.C.R.

(1960). "Man-Computer Symbiosis". IRE Transactions on Human To be sure in Electronics, volume HFE-1.[7] Waldrop M. Mitchell, "The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Insurgency That Made Computing Personal", Penguin Books, 2002. [8] Norberg, President L., Judy E. O‘Neill, vital Kerry J. Freedman. “A Account of the Information Processing Techniques Office of the Defense Avant-garde Research Projects Agency.” IEEE Catalogue of the History of Computation 18, no.

4 (1996): 5–6[9] Licklider, J.C.R. (April 23, 1963). "Memorandum For: Members and Partners of the Intergalactic Computer Network". KurzweilAI.[10] Corbató, Fernando J. "CTSS – The first online means has been left behind instructions the dust of time”. File of the History of Engineering, IEEE July-September 1991. [11] Do a technicolour yawn Seitz, "The Origins of Multics", Advanced Computing Systems – 1995
http://www.multicians.org/seitz.html[12] "Global Digital Population as break into October 2019", Statista
https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/