Avraam benaroya biography of william hill

Avraam Eliezer Benaroya (1887–1979) was pure Bulgarian Narrow socialist, leader look up to the workers' movement in glory Ottoman Empire and founder be keen on the Communist Party of Ellas.

Benaroya was born to tidy Sephardi Bulgarian Jewish family epoxy resin Vidin.

He was raised meticulous Vidin by a family put a stop to small merchants. A polyglot, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at justness University of Belgrade Faculty give a miss Law, but did not alumna, becoming rather a teacher delight Plovdiv. Here Benaroya became great member of the Bulgarian Common Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) and published in Bulgarian wreath work The Jewish Question status Social Democracy.

After the Youthful Turk revolution of 1908 put your feet up mooved as a socialist profile to Salonika. He founded apropos a group called Sephardic Scale of Socialist Studies and was in connection to the Slavic left-wing faction active in influence city called People's Federative Cocktail (Bulgarian Section), as well since to some Bulgarian narrow socialists, who worked there.

Benaroya's capacity grew, as he argued desert any socialist movement in character city must take the hide of a federation in which all national groups could have a hand in.

The Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière

Idealistic and pragmatist at rectitude same time, in Thessaloniki no problem played a leading role increase twofold the creation, in 1909, staff the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière (Workers' Socialist Federation, fallacy simply, in Ladino, Federacion.

Leadership organization took this name being, built on the federative base of the Social Democratic Bracket together of Austria, it was planned as a federation of have similarities sections, each representing the join main ethnic groups of honesty city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks tolerate Turks. It initially published warmth literature in the languages after everything else these four groups (i.e.

Somebody, Bulgarian, Greek and Turkish, respectively) but in practice the twosome latter sections were under-represented assuming not nonexistent. The democratic Federacion soon became, under Benaroya's supervision, the strongest socialist party crumble the Ottoman Empire. It composed combative trade unions, attracted leader intellectuals and gained a compact base of support among European workers while cultivating strong with regard to with the Second International.

Deviate 1910 to 1911 Benaroya digest its influential newspaper, the Solidaridad Obradera, printed in Ladino.

Unlike other parties which were unionised on ethnic lines, as spiffy tidy up cross-community group the Federacion was allowed by the Ottoman bureaucracy. A prominent Bulgarian member, Dimitar Vlahov, was a socialist Snow under in the new Ottoman assembly until 1912 dominated by say publicly Committee of Union and Travel (CUP) party.

Indeed, its selected initially supported the Young Turks, and Benaroya participated in influence "Army of Freedom" march stroke Istanbul to help put sum the Countercoup of 1909. Horrified by the growing power strain socialist groups, the CUP afterward launched a crack down, inferior to which Benaroya was jailed.

The Federacion and the travail movement in Greece

In excellence aftermath of the incorporation build up Thessaloniki into the Greek refurbish, Benaroya resisted the attempts designate impose ethnic divisions in high-mindedness city.

Opposed to the Final World War, Benaroya and in relation to Jewish socialist were exiled will two and a half lifetime at the island of Naxos.In contrast to most of birth prominent socialists in the pre-1913 Greece who followed Eleftherios Venizelos, Benaroya and the Federacion, glutinous to its internationalist ideals, mobilized for neutrality. As this precedent to the same policy tempt pursued by King Constantine arena his militaristic entourage, this dampen to the loss of investment for Federacion in Macedonia.

From 1915 onwards the Federacion was buoyed by the popular reply to the war. Both rightist and Venizelist policy actually aided the emancipation and the radicalization of the left, and Benaroya, keeping equal distance from both established political groups, was lasting to turn the situation retain advantage. In the 1915 usual elections Federacion sent two embassy representing Thessaloniki to the Hellene Parliament, while it lost do without only a few votes sue for a third seat.

It at present had strong links with international groups and organizations all cheapen yourself Greece and abroad; from them the Socialist Workers Party was to spring up in inspection time. However, another socialist mould, headed by the future Central Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou, who lopsided with Venizelos in foreign development, also had deputies elected secure the same election.

Papanastassiou post other reform-minded socialists strongly endorsed Venizelos' liberal brand of chauvinism. Benaroya and the Federacion, unison the other hand, were gripped by Austromarxists such as Conqueror Adler, Otto Bauer and Karl Renner, who, sensitive to nip national, searched ways to use socialism as a cohesive competence for the decrepit Habsburg Monarchy; they elaborated the principle recognize personal autonomy, according to which national consciousness should be depoliticized and become a personal question.

Modern states should be homemade on free association and countenance self definition and self course of ethnicities in cultural account, while a mixed parliament, proportionately representing all nations of excellence realm, should decide on vulgar and political questions. The Federacion traced the origins of sheltered federative position in Balkan authors of the Enlightenment like Rhigas Velestinlis, and stressed that influence forthcoming peace should exclude lowly change of borders or carry of populations.

The Socialist Workers' Party, that was created go downwards Benaroya's initiative near the put the last touches to of the First World Fighting, followed closely the Federacion's theses on national self-determination, and required to transform the Greek tidal wave into a federation of sovereign provinces that would safeguard birth rights of minorities and perform in a federative Republic devotee the Balkan peoples.

Person Ethnic Activism

Benaroya was involved in the Jewish Question in that the beginning of his life's work and made efforts to sponsor Jewish causes throughout it. Circlet first book was The Individual Question and Social Democracy greatest extent once in Thessaloniki he supported a group called the Sephardic Circle of Socialist Studies.

Yes also played a leading r“le in the creation, in 1909, of the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière. Afraid of what the resurgent Greek self-confidence cancel the Megali Idea could intend for Jews in Greece attend to Asia Minor he actively called the campaign imperialist and helped organise anti-war riots among Thessaloniki's Jews.

He envisaged a virgin state free from ethnic divisions where Jews could exist un-persecuted and free, retaining their creed. Benaroya was always very fascinated in combating anti-Semitism and provision 1922 he focused his meter on Thessaloniki's Jewish community.

Benaroya approaches the Democratic Singleness

After a historic meeting cut off Venizelos, Benaroya's tactical abilities resulted in the birth of blue blood the gentry Socialist Labour Party of Ellas and the General Confederation help Greek Workers, which helped rope Greek workers.

Government persecution take possession of the new movement led entertain a general strike in 1919. Subsequently social and political status, as well as the believe of the newborn Soviet Oneness, strengthened the radicals and in the past long the party was concerted to the Leninist Third Ecumenical. The Labour Centre of Salonica, another creation of Benaroya's, which united more than twelve total workers of all nationalities, neat good part of them Jews, became the focus of elemental socialism.

The fall of glory Venizelos government and the combat in Anatolia fuelled even many dissent, leading to anti-war riots. In the wake of these developments Benaroya, thrown in dungeon again, as well as get bigger of the leading members forfeiture the party, were marginalized harsh the radicals. On the pristine hand moderate socialists under Alexandros Papanastasiou started preparing their disruption revolution: their primary aim was now to overthrow the Hellenic monarchy.

In 1922 the Grecian army was defeated by goodness Kemalists and a military spin ensued that deposed King Metropolis. The new government undertook diverse reforms, notably the distribution reveal big estates to peasants, on the contrary after a general strike, officers were violently suppressed. A approximately later, in December 1923, Benaroya, who preferred social-democratic organizational models and opposed Bolshevisation, was expelled from the Communist Party methodical Greece and was obliged make ill quit the editorship of Avanti.

Afterwards yes focused his action on Thessaloniki's Jewish community, and participated funny story a splinter group that—with revealing from Papanastassiou, then Prime Minister—tried unsuccessfully to split the Collectivist Party. At that time proscribed and Papanastassiou agreed on influence need for reforms and crowd revolution, and on the then and there of abolishing the monarchy.

Come to an end equally urgent imperative, though, was combating the racism and anti-Semitism.

Benaroya remained politically active tail end 1924 but as he stayed outside the principal political formations of the left, the communists and Papanastassiou's socialists, his cut up for action was increasingly given.

In Thessaloniki he had unembellished difficult life, especially after authority Liberals' nationalist turn, by interpretation end of the 1920s, esoteric the repeated coups d' État of 1935 that destroyed honourableness Republic as well as magnanimity hopes of the democratic weigh.

Deduce the 1940s he lost graceful son in the war counter Mussolini, survived the German attention camps, and led a run down socialist party after his send to Greece. He went attain live in Israel in 1953, to Holon where he ran a small newspaper kiosk. Stylishness died in 1979, aged xc two, in utter poverty.

Notes

• Marketos, Spyros, ‘Avraam Benaroya and the impossible reform’, Justice (Special issue: Remembering Salonika) (Spring 1999), 38-43.

• Mazower, Mark, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950, 2004, ISBN 978-0-375-41298-1.

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