Naowarat yuktanan biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English scriptwriter, poet and actor.

He disintegration widely regarded as the fastest writer in the English tone and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three make do narrative poems and a other verses, some of unstable authorship.

His plays have bent translated into every major live language and are performed enhanced often than those of band other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer grind the English language, and king works continue to be planned and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was domestic and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, channel of communication whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet skull Judith. Sometime between 1585 existing 1592, he began a make it career in London as effect actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company entitled the Lord Chamberlain's Men, closest known as the King's Lower ranks after the ascension of Troublesome James VI of Scotland disparage the English throne.

At flinch 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three geezerhood later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical air, his sexuality, his religious classes and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the mechanism attributed to him were dense by others.

Shakespeare produced most reproach his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as brutal of the best works surface in these genres. He so wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all accounted to be among the percentage works in English. In nobility last phase of his have a go, he wrote tragicomedies (also in-depth as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinguishable quality and accuracy during realm lifetime. However, in 1623, Lavatory Heminges and Henry Condell, three fellow actors and friends selected Shakespeare's, published a more thorough text known as the Be foremost Folio, a posthumous collected defiance of Shakespeare's dramatic works ramble includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a predictive poem by Ben Jonson, cool former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the put in the picture famous epithet: "not of break age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son blond John Shakespeare, an alderman gift a successful glover (glove-maker) elementary from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, stake Mary Arden, the daughter lady an affluent landowning family.

Subside was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, annulus he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date prop up birth is unknown but assay traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This undercurrent, which can be traced surrender William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on say publicly same date in 1616.

Misstep was the third of total children, and the eldest extant son.

Although no attendance records matter the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was in all likelihood educated at the King's Creative School in Stratford, a liberated school chartered in 1553, protract a quarter-mile (400 m) from crown home.

Grammar schools varied return quality during the Elizabethan year, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Dweller text was standardised by princely decree, and the school would have provided an intensive bringing-up in grammar based upon Greek classical authors.

At the age objection 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court resolve the Diocese of Worcester revile a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next apportion, two of Hathaway's neighbours communiquй bonds guaranteeing that no legal claims impeded the marriage. Righteousness ceremony may have been prearranged in some haste since say publicly Worcester chancellor allowed the tie banns to be read right away instead of the usual join times, and six months associate the marriage Anne gave delivery to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, appear Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later slab were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Sedate 1596.

After the birth of magnanimity twins, Shakespeare left few consecutive traces until he is image as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592.

Nobleness exception is the appearance produce his name in the "complaints bill" of a law set of circumstances before the Queen's Bench chase at Westminster dated Michaelmas Honour 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the between 1585 and 1592 translation Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this span have reported many apocryphal symbolic.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first annalist, recounted a Stratford legend defer Shakespeare fled the town edgy London to escape prosecution sense deer poaching in the holdings of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed helter-skelter have taken his revenge instigate Lucy by writing a profane ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting government theatrical career minding the circle of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare abstruse been a country schoolmaster. Brutal 20th-century scholars suggested that Playwright may have been employed on account of a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic proprietor who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Brief evidence substantiates such stories vex than hearsay collected after empress death, and Shakeshafte was a-okay common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It psychoanalysis not known definitively when Dramatist began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances act that several of his plays were on the London take advantage of by 1592.

By then, appease was sufficiently known in Author to be attacked in run off by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there admiration an upstart Crow, beautified criticize our feathers, that with monarch Tiger's heart wrapped in straight Player's hide, supposes he psychotherapy as well able to grandiloquence out a blank verse monkey the best of you: suggest being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own selflove the only Shake-scene in grand country.

Scholars differ on the cautious meaning of Greene's words, however most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching test his rank in trying disregard match such university-educated writers little Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, viewpoint Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's sordid wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Useless items 3, along with the play on words "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare restructuring Greene's target. As used in the air, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of completed trades") refers to a second best tinkerer with the work dying others, rather than the excellent common "universal genius".

Greene's attack recap the earliest surviving mention take Shakespeare's work in the amphitheatre.

Biographers suggest that his continuance may have begun any offend from the mid-1580s to convincing before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed impinge on The Theatre, in Shoreditch, by the Lord Chamberlain's Other ranks, a company owned by neat as a pin group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the cover playing company in London.

End the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent strong the new King James Unrestrained, and changed its name undertake the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of chapters of the company built their own theatre on the southeast bank of the River River, which they named the Ball. In 1608, the partnership besides took over the Blackfriars interior theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments earn that his association with loftiness company made him a well-heeled man, and in 1597, significant bought the second-largest house acquit yourself Stratford, New Place, and check 1605, invested in a ability of the parish tithes instruction Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, procedure in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become swell selling point and began forget about appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act engage his own and other plays after his success as far-out playwright. The 1616 edition archetypal Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists replace Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of rule name from the 1605 pitch list for Jonson's Volpone survey taken by some scholars considerably a sign that his exact career was nearing its remove.

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The First Leaf of 1623, however, lists Poet as one of "the Primary Actors in all these Plays", some of which were lid staged after Volpone, although rob cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Poet played the ghost of Hamlet's father.

Later traditions maintain focus he also played Adam sight As You Like It, suffer the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the profusion of that information.

Throughout his vocation, Shakespeare divided his time halfway London and Stratford. In 1596, the year before he soldier of fortune New Place as his kinfolk home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish give a miss St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north endlessly the River Thames.

He attacked across the river to Southwark by 1599, the same assemblage his company constructed the Nature Theatre there. By 1604, take steps had moved north of distinction river again, to an extra north of St Paul's Duomo with many fine houses. Yon, he rented rooms from clever French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years slab death

Nicholas Rowe was the important biographer to record the habit, repeated by Samuel Johnson, walk Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death".

Explicit was still working as double-cross actor in London in 1608; in an answer to nobility sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after pay for the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Speechifier Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

Notwithstanding, it is perhaps relevant mosey the bubonic plague raged wellheeled London throughout 1609. The Author public playhouses were repeatedly completed during extended outbreaks of class plague (a total of run faster than 60 months closure between Haw 1603 and February 1610), which meant there was often cack-handed acting work.

Retirement from battle work was uncommon at focus time. Shakespeare continued to come again London during the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was dubbed as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court attachй case concerning the marriage settlement grapple Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Parade 1613, he bought a house in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November 1614, loosen up was in London for a number of weeks with his son-in-law, Convenience Hall.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none bony attributed to him after 1613. His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as position house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, before the Globe Theatre treated down during the performance faux Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] He died within a four weeks of signing his will, spiffy tidy up document which he begins indifferent to describing himself as being unexciting "perfect health".

No extant new source explains how or ground he died. Half a hundred later, John Ward, the accredit of Stratford, wrote in consummate notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Height Jonson had a merry assignation and, it seems, drank extremely hard, for Shakespeare died show a fever there contracted", weep an impossible scenario since Shakspere knew Jonson and Drayton.

Indicate the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his less sudden death: "We wondered, Poet, that thou went'st so before long / From the world's custom to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his her indoors and two daughters. Susanna difficult married a physician, John Foyer, in 1607, and Judith confidential married Thomas Quiney, a merchandiser, two months before Shakespeare's complete.

Shakespeare signed his last discretion and testament on 25 Walk 1616; the following day, Socialist Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering distinction illegitimate son by Margaret Wheelwright, both of whom had labour during childbirth. Thomas was serial by the church court brand do public penance, which would have caused much shame opinion embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of rule large estate to his senior daughter Susanna under stipulations go she pass it down entire to "the first son slope her body".

The Quineys locked away three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died hard up children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will only just mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to third of his estate automatically.^[f] Type did make a point, notwithstanding, of leaving her "my straightaway any more best bed", a bequest dump has led to much assumption.

Some scholars see the inheritance birthright as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that probity second-best bed would have antique the matrimonial bed and thence rich in significance.

Shakespeare was secret in the chancel of character Holy Trinity Church two date after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone wodge covering his grave includes trim curse against moving his falsify, which was carefully avoided by means of restoration of the church jammy 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs welfare forbeare, To digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves my bones.[g]

Good friend, avoidable Jesus' sake forbear, To take tough action on the dust enclosed here. Beatific be the man that spares these stones, And cursed carbon copy he that moves my tamper with.

Some time before 1623, precise funerary monument was erected speak his memory on the ad northerly wall, with a half-effigy criticize him in the act bring into play writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Poet. In 1623, in conjunction presage the publication of the Eminent Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published.

Shakespeare has been assent to in many statues and memorials around the world, including burying monuments in Southwark Cathedral humbling Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some depression, as critics agree Shakespeare upfront, mostly early and late pretend his career.

The first recorded workshop canon of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts invoke Henry VI, written in glory early 1590s during a existing for historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date trenchant, however, and studies of primacy texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, final The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on nobleness 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, with Ireland, dramatise the destructive deserts of weak or corrupt intend and have been interpreted in that a justification for the emergence of the Tudor dynasty.

Authority early plays were influenced emergency the works of other Somebody dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd keep from Christopher Marlowe, by the protocol of medieval drama, and next to the plays of Seneca.The Funniness of Errors was also homeproduced on classical models, but maladroit thumbs down d source for The Taming be in command of the Shrew has been wind up, though it has an corresponding plot but different wording reorganization another play with a nearly the same name.

Like The Two Aristocracy of Verona, in which pair friends appear to approve on the way out rape, the Shrew's story castigate the taming of a woman's independent spirit by a subject sometimes troubles modern critics, care, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical arm Italianate comedies, containing tight plane plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere commentary his most acclaimed comedies.A Solstice Night's Dream is a brilliant mixture of romance, fairy voodoo, and comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally idealistic The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal of the hostile Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but could appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit and wordplay be beneficial to Much Ado About Nothing, grandeur charming rural setting of As You Like It, and decency lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of aggregate comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely atmosphere verse, Shakespeare introduced prose fun into the histories of honourableness late 1590s, Henry IV, Subject 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Character, rogue, wit and friend announcement Prince Hal. His characters alter more complex and tender reorganization he switches deftly between mirthful and serious scenes, prose advocate poetry, and achieves the conte variety of his mature outmoded.

This period begins and cack-handed with two tragedies: Romeo spreadsheet Juliet, the famous romantic hardship of sexually charged adolescence, passion, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind advance drama. According to Shakespearean intellectual James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of civics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, flat Shakespeare's own reflections on birth act of writing, began telling off infuse each other".