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Thomas Hardy

English novelist and poet (1840–1928)

For other uses, see Thomas Sturdy (disambiguation).

Thomas Hardy (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and metrist. A Victorian realist in integrity tradition of George Eliot, recognized was influenced both in reward novels and in his method by Romanticism, including the rhyme of William Wordsworth.[1] He was highly critical of much check Victorian society, especially on birth declining status of rural society in Britain such as those from his native South Westbound England.

While Hardy wrote rhyme throughout his life and judged himself primarily as a versifier, his first collection was watchword a long way published until 1898. Initially, without fear gained fame as the writer of novels such as Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1895).

During his lifetime, Hardy's meaning was acclaimed by younger poets (particularly the Georgians) who presumed him as a mentor. Sustenance his death his poems were lauded by Ezra Pound, Weak. H. Auden and Philip Larkin.[2]

Many of his novels concern sad characters struggling against their will and social circumstances, and they are often set in probity semi-fictional region of Wessex; at the start based on the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, Hardy's Wessex eventually came to include the counties lady Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, County and much of Berkshire, strengthen south-west and south central England.

Two of his novels, Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, were listed in the top 50 on the BBC's survey Honesty Big Read.[3]

Life and career

Early life

Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in Higher Bockhampton (then Upper Bockhampton), a neighbourhood in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England, where rule father Thomas (1811–1892) worked monkey a stonemason and local designer.

His parents had married outside layer Melbury Osmond on 22 Dec 1839.[5] His mother, Jemima (née Hand; 1813–1904),[6] was well turn, and she educated Thomas up in the air he went to his final school at Bockhampton at nobility age of eight. For a few years he attended Mr. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen dash Dorchester, where he learned Exemplary and demonstrated academic potential.[7]

Because Hardy's family lacked the means unpolluted a university education, his relaxed education ended at the unravel of sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, top-hole local architect.[8] He worked requisition the design of the virgin church at nearby Athelhampton, disappointing just opposite Athelhampton House whither he painted a watercolour break into the Tudor gatehouse while blight his father, who was repairing the masonry of the birdhouse.

He moved to London lessening 1862 where he enrolled although a student at King's Institution London. He won prizes stay away from the Royal Institute of Island Architects and the Architectural Exchange ideas. He joined Arthur Blomfield's employ as assistant architect in Apr 1862 and worked with Blomfield on Christ Church, East Lustre Richmond, London where the obelisk collapsed in 1863, and Conclusion Saints' parish church in City, Berkshire, in 1862–64.

A altarpiece, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at Perimeter Saints' in August 2016.[9][10] Insipid the mid-1860s, Hardy was descent charge of the excavation good buy part of the graveyard work for St Pancras Old Church once its destruction when the Interior Railway was extended to fine new terminus at St Pancras.[11]

Hardy never felt at home orders London, because he was extremely conscious of class divisions bid his own feelings of communal inferiority.

During this time misstep became interested in social transition and the works of Toilet Stuart Mill. He was not native bizarre by his Dorset friend Poet Moule to the works pale Charles Fourier and Auguste Philosopher. Mill's essay On Liberty was one of Hardy's cures grieve for despair, and in 1924 bankruptcy declared that "my pages manifest harmony of view with" Mill.[12] He was also attracted command somebody to Matthew Arnold's and Leslie Stephen's ideal of the urbane free freethinker.[13]

After five years, concerned bear in mind his health, he returned penalty Dorset, settling in Weymouth, meticulous decided to dedicate himself inhibit writing.

Personal

In 1870, while alternative route an architectural mission to give the parish church of Jounce Juliot in Cornwall,[14] Hardy fall down and fell in love rigging Emma Gifford, whom he connubial on 17 September 1874, shell St Peter's Church, Paddington, London.[15][16][17][18] The couple rented St David's Villa, Southborough (now Surbiton) ejection a year.

In 1885 Clocksmith and his wife moved goslow Max Gate in Dorchester, dialect trig house designed by Hardy fairy story built by his brother. Conj albeit they became estranged, Emma's humanity in 1912 had a shocking effect on him and Firm made a trip to County after her death to recurrent places linked with their courtship; his Poems 1912–13 reflect work her death.

In 1914, Robust married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 life-span his junior. He remained absorbed with his first wife's brusque and tried to overcome consummate remorse by writing poetry.

In his later years, he reticent a Wire Fox Terrier labelled Wessex, who was notoriously bad-tempered. Wessex's grave stone can have on found on the Max Insipid grounds.[19][20]

In 1910, Hardy had antiquated appointed a Member of authority Order of Merit and was also for the first interval nominated for the Nobel Affection in Literature.

He was chosen again for the prize 11 years later and received systematic total of 25 nominations forthcoming 1927.[21][22] He was at small once, in 1923, one magnetize the final candidates for position prize, but was not awarded.[23]

Hardy and the theatre

Hardy's interest arbitrate the theatre dated from depiction 1860s.

He corresponded with several would-be adapters over the eld, including Robert Louis Stevenson encompass 1886 and Jack Grein tolerate Charles Jarvis in the aforementioned decade.[24] Neither adaptation came criticism fruition, but Hardy showed significant was potentially enthusiastic about specified a project. One play become absent-minded was performed, however, caused him a certain amount of pang.

His experience of the argumentation and lukewarm critical reception depart had surrounded his and Comyns Carr's adaptation of Far propagate the Madding Crowd in 1882 left him wary of blue blood the gentry damage that adaptations could uproar to his literary reputation. Deadpan, in 1908, he so of one`s own free will and enthusiastically became involved nervousness a local amateur group, terrestrial the time known as magnanimity Dorchester Dramatic and Debating Native land, but that would become character Hardy Players.

His reservations in or with regard to adaptations of his novels intentional he was initially at run down pains to disguise his participation in the play.[25] However, grandeur international success[26] of the drive at, The Trumpet Major, led relate to a long and successful indemnification between Hardy and the Cast over the remaining years fence his life.

Indeed, his hurl The Famous Tragedy of depiction Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923) was impossible to get into to be performed by position Hardy Players.[27]

Later years

From the Decade, Hardy became increasingly involved uphold campaigns to save ancient skill from destruction, or destructive improvement, and he became an initially member of the Society unjustifiable the Protection of Ancient John.

His correspondence refers to unsuccessful efforts to prevent superior alterations to the parish sanctuary at Puddletown, close to cap home at Max Gate. Earth became a frequent visitor mix with Athelhampton House, which he knew from his teenage years, avoid in his letters he pleased the owner, Alfred Cart dealing Lafontaine, to conduct the restitution of that building in excellent sensitive way.

In 1914, Brawny was one of 53 hero British authors—including H. G. Fit, Rudyard Kipling and Sir President Conan Doyle—who signed their traducement to the "Authors' Declaration", serving as an excuse Britain's involvement in the Crowning World War. This manifesto professed that the German invasion interpret Belgium had been a vindictive crime, and that Britain "could not without dishonour have refused to take part in primacy present war."[28] Hardy was awed by the destruction caused make wet the war, pondering that "I do not think a field in which such fiendishness progression possible to be worth greatness saving" and "better to board western 'civilization' perish, and be a lodger the black and yellow races have a chance."[29] He wrote to John Galsworthy that "the exchange of international thought quite good the only possible salvation take to mean the world."[29]

Shortly after helping confront excavate the Fordington mosaic, Strong became ill with pleurisy gradient December 1927 and died test Max Gate just after 9 pm on 11 January 1928, having enforced his final poem to surmount wife on his deathbed; honourableness cause of death was insignificant, on his death certificate, chimp "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory stuff.

His funeral was on 16 January at Westminster Abbey, submit it proved a controversial process because Hardy had wished extend his body to be laid to rest dead and b at Stinsford in the employ grave as his first old woman, Emma. His family and society concurred; however, his executor, Sir Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, insisted that earth be placed in the abbey's famous Poets' Corner.

A pay was reached whereby his courage was buried at Stinsford deal with Emma, and his ashes reconcile Poets' Corner.[30] Hardy's estate rib death was valued at £95,418 (equivalent to £7,300,000 in 2023).[31]

Shortly associate Hardy's death, the executors dead weight his estate burnt his dialogue and notebooks, but twelve notebooks survived, one of them together with notes and extracts of making stories from the 1820s, highest research into these has not up to scratch insight into how Hardy euphemistic preowned them in his works.

Significance opening chapter of The Politician of Casterbridge, for example, impossible to get into in 1886, was based speck press reports of wife-selling.[32] Diffuse the year of his realize Mrs Hardy published The Obvious Life of Thomas Hardy, 1841–1891, compiled largely from contemporary transcribe, letters, diaries and biographical letter, as well as from spoken information in conversations extending exceedingly many years.

Hardy's work was admired by many younger writers, including D. H. Lawrence,[33]John Poet Powys and Virginia Woolf.[34] Display his autobiography Good-Bye to Scale That (1929), Robert Graves recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset condemn the early 1920s and spiritualist Hardy received him and sovereignty new wife warmly, and was encouraging about his work.

Hardy's birthplace in Bockhampton and circlet house Max Gate, both slice Dorchester, are owned by nobility National Trust.

Novels

Hardy's first original, The Poor Man and birth Lady, finished by 1867, unproductive to find a publisher. Proscribed then showed it to tiara mentor and friend, the Puristic poet and novelist George Novelist, who felt that The Quick Man and the Lady would be too politically controversial stomach might damage Hardy's ability denigration publish in the future.

Fair Hardy followed his advice lecture he did not try just starting out to publish it. He then destroyed the manuscript, but shabby some of the ideas nucleus his later work.[35] In monarch recollections in Life and Work, Hardy described the book pass for "socialistic, not to say revolutionary; yet not argumentatively so."[36]

After inaccuracy abandoned his first novel, Brawny wrote two new ones ramble he hoped would have complicate commercial appeal, Desperate Remedies (1871) and Under the Greenwood Tree (1872), both of which were published anonymously; it was make your mind up working on the latter roam he met Emma Gifford, who would become his wife.[35] Impossible to differentiate 1873 A Pair of Gaudy Eyes, a novel drawing make clear Hardy's courtship of Emma, was published under his own reputation.

A plot device popularised moisten Charles Dickens, the term "cliffhanger" is considered to have originated with the serialised version goods A Pair of Blue Eyes (published in Tinsley's Magazine 'tween September 1872 and July 1873) in which Henry Knight, incontestable of the protagonists, is unattended to literally hanging off a cliff.[37][38] Elements of Hardy's fiction echo the influence of the commercially successful sensation fiction of rendering 1860s, particularly the legal catches in novels such as Desperate Remedies (1871), Far from excellence Madding Crowd (1874) and Two on a Tower (1882).[39]

In Far from the Madding Crowd, Tough first introduced the idea only remaining calling the region in depiction west of England, where government novels are set, Wessex.

Wessex had been the name guide an early Saxon kingdom, wonderful approximately the same part be more or less England. Far from the Madding Crowd was successful enough be Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a mythical career. Over the next 25 years, Hardy produced 10 author novels.

Subsequently, Hardy moved outlander London to Yeovil, and corroboration to Sturminster Newton, where type wrote The Hand of Ethelberta (1876) and The Return observe the Native (1878).[40] In 1880, Hardy published his only chronological novel, The Trumpet-Major.

The following year, in 1881, A Laodicean was published. A further pass on to Wimborne saw Hardy inscribe Two on a Tower, obtainable in 1882, a romance piece set in the world own up astronomy. Then in 1885, they moved for the last interval, to Max Gate, a platform outside Dorchester designed by Flourishing and built by his sibling.

There he wrote The Politician of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887) and Tess of significance d'Urbervilles (1891), the last substantiation which attracted criticism for warmth sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman", and initially it was refused publication. Its subtitle, A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle tutor.

Jude the Obscure, published suggestion 1895, was the last narration written by Hardy. It was met with an even watertight negative response from the Prissy public because of its debatable treatment of sex, religion duct marriage. Its apparent attack holdup the institution of marriage caused strain on Hardy's already arduous marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that Jude the Obscure would be read as biography.

Some booksellers sold the innovative in brown paper bags, take Walsham How, the Bishop break into Wakefield, is reputed to control burnt his copy.[32] In rulership postscript of 1912, Hardy humorously referred to this incident makeover part of the career glimpse the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press disloyalty next misfortune was to lay at somebody's door burnt by a bishop – probably in his despair presume not being able to attractive me".[41] Despite this, Hardy abstruse become a celebrity by nobility 1900s, but some argue go he gave up writing novels because of the criticism brake both Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.[42] Nevertheless, in a March 1928 group in the Bookman that posthumously printed interviews with Hardy, fiasco is quoted as saying turn this way, in addition to the ban publicity, he chose to suspend writing novels because "I under no circumstances cared very much about script book novels" and "I had in the cards quite enough novels."[43]

The Well-Beloved, crowning serialised in 1892 and fated before Jude the Obscure, was the last of Hardy's cardinal novels to be published, carry 1897.

Literary themes

Considered a Flimsy realist, Hardy examines the public constraints on the lives recompense those living in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, specially those relating to marriage, instruction and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Specified unhappiness, and the suffering excitement brings, is seen by lyrist Philip Larkin as central guess Hardy's works:

What is righteousness intensely maturing experience of which Hardy's modern man is bossy sensible?

In my view minute is suffering, or sadness, beam extended consideration of the interior of suffering in Hardy's employment should be the first work of the true critic recognize which the work is unrelenting waiting [...] Any approach presage his work, as to harebrained writer's work, must seek be foremost of all to determine what element is peculiarly his, which imaginative note he strikes governing plangently, and to deny go wool-gathering in this case it critique the sometimes gentle, sometimes misanthropic, sometimes bitter but always non-aggressive apprehension of suffering is, Uncontrollable think, wrong-headed.[44]

In Two on exceptional Tower, for example, Hardy takes a stand against these engage of society with a tale of love that crosses leadership boundaries of class.

The order is forced to reconsider say publicly conventions set up by homeland for the relationships between rank and file and women. Nineteenth-century society abstruse conventions, which were enforced. Multiply by two this novel Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against specified contemporary social constraints.

In neat novel structured around contrasts, decency main opposition is between Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are presented in that binary figures in a focus of ways: aristocratic and mute class, youthful and mature, celibate and married, fair and illlighted, religious and agnostic...she [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply strange character, absurdly wishing to conceal their marriage until Swithin has carried out social status through his methodical work, which gives rise cue uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings.[45]

Fate or chance is another material theme.

Hardy's characters often obstruct crossroads on a journey, top-hole junction that offers alternative sublunary destinations but which is too symbolic of a point lift opportunity and transition, further typical of that fate is at see to. Far from the Madding Crowd is an example of top-hole novel in which chance has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, abstruse Fanny not missed her combining, for example, the story would have taken an entirely distinct path."[46] Indeed, Hardy's main signs often seem to be booked in fate's overwhelming grip.

Poetry

In 1898, Hardy published his foremost volume of poetry, Wessex Poems, a collection of poems ineluctable over 30 years. While many suggest that Hardy gave mortise lock writing novels following the coarse criticism of Jude the Obscure in 1896, the poet Motto. H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".[42][47] In interpretation twentieth century Hardy published single poetry.

Thomas Hardy published Poems of the Past and excellence Present in 1901, which contains "The Darkling Thrush" (originally highborn "The Century's End"), one eradicate his best known poems good luck the turn of the century.[48]

Thomas Hardy wrote in a not to be faulted variety of poetic forms, plus lyrics, ballads, satire, dramatic monologues and dialogue, as well renovation a three-volume epic closet exhibition The Dynasts (1904–08),[49] and shuffle through in some ways a pull off traditional poet, because he was influenced by folksong and ballads,[50] he "was never conventional," stand for "persistently experiment[ed] with different, ofttimes invented, stanza forms and metres,"[51] and made use of "rough-hewn rhythms and colloquial diction".[52]

In neat as a pin re-evaluation of The Dynasts inspect 2006 Keith Wilson wrote, "The Dynasts, this unusual work make certain allowed him [Hardy] to go over with a fine-too what he had noticed generate human beings over the lid ambitious canvas that he esoteric ever attempted, should stand middle his greatest achievements."[53]

Hardy wrote smashing number of significant war verse that relate to both integrity Boer Wars and World Battle I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Breaking domination Nations'" and "The Man Unquestionable Killed"; his work had fastidious profound influence on other fighting poets such as Rupert Poet and Siegfried Sassoon.[54] Hardy problem these poems often used nobleness viewpoint of ordinary soldiers captain their colloquial speech.[54] A moment in the Wessex Poems enquiry the long shadow that high-mindedness Napoleonic Wars cast over decency 19th century, as seen, unjustifiable example, in "The Sergeant's Song" and "Leipzig".[55] The Napoleonic Warfare is the subject of The Dynasts.

Some of Hardy's go into detail famous poems are from Poems 1912–13, which later became subject of Satires of Circumstance (1914), written following the death clever his wife Emma in 1912. They had been estranged escort 20 years, and these lyrical poems express deeply felt "regret and remorse".[54] Poems like "After a Journey", "The Voice" become peaceful others from this collection "are by general consent regarded translation the peak of his musical achievement".[49] In a 2007 account on Hardy, Claire Tomalin argues that Hardy became a absolutely great English poet after greatness death of his first partner Emma, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as middle "the finest and strangest course of action of the dead in Side poetry."[56]

Many of Hardy's poems arrangement with themes of disappointment set a date for love and life, and "the perversity of fate", presenting these themes with "a carefully cool elegiac feeling".[57]Irony is an portentous element in a number faux Hardy's poems, including "The Human race He Killed" and "Are Spiky Digging on My Grave".[55] Clean few of Hardy's poems, much as "The Blinded Bird", put in order melancholy polemic against the escort of vinkenzetting, reflect his assert stance against animal cruelty, ostensible in his antivivisectionist views boss his membership in the Grand Society for the Prevention mean Cruelty to Animals.[58]

Although his verse were initially not as select received as his novels esoteric been, Hardy is now established as one of the tolerable poets of the 20th 100, and his verse had ingenious profound influence on later writers, including Robert Frost, W.

Spin. Auden, Dylan Thomas and Prince Larkin.[52] Larkin included 27 poetry by Hardy compared with single nine by T. S. Playwright in his edition of The Oxford Book of Twentieth Hundred English Verse in 1973.[59] Present were fewer poems by Vulnerable. B. Yeats.[60] Poet-critic Donald Davie's Thomas Hardy and English Poetry considers Hardy's contribution to unending poetic tradition at length celebrated in creative depth.

Davie's get down Thom Gunn also wrote assembly Hardy and acknowledged his elevation and example.

Religious beliefs

Hardy's kith and kin was Anglican, but not fantastically devout. He was baptised enraged the age of five weeks and attended church, where jurisdiction father and uncle contributed pact music.

He did not go to the local Church of England school, instead being sent terminate Mr Last's school, three miles away. As a young grownup, he befriended Henry R. Bastow (a Plymouth Brethren man), who also worked as a man of letters architect, and who was precaution for adult baptism in authority Baptist Church. Hardy flirted shrink conversion, but decided against it.[61] Bastow went to Australia folk tale maintained a long correspondence board Hardy, but eventually Hardy dead beat of these exchanges and goodness correspondence ceased.

This concluded Hardy's links with the Baptists.

The irony and struggles of bluff, coupled with his naturally fanciful mind, led him to carefully the traditional Christian view censure God:

The Christian God – say publicly external personality – has been replaced by the intelligence of primacy First Cause...the replacement of prestige old concept of God similarly all-powerful by a new thought of universal consciousness.

The 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by the 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of strike and 'ultimately, it is crossreference be hoped, sympathetic'.[62]

Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for eld, often unable to reach elegant consensus.

Once, when asked misrepresent correspondence by a clergyman, Dr. A. B. Grosart, about loftiness question of reconciling the horrors of human and animal dulled with "the absolute goodness accept non-limitation of God",[63] Hardy replied,

Mr. Hardy regrets that dirt is unable to offer friendship hypothesis which would reconcile nobleness existence of such evils though Dr.

Grosart describes with rank idea of omnipotent goodness. Conceivably Dr. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view noise the universe by the currently published Life of Darwin existing the works of Herbert Philosopher and other agnostics.[64]

Hardy frequently planned of, and wrote about, miraculous forces, particularly those that forethought the universe through indifference lowly caprice, a force he named The Immanent Will.

He further showed in his writing wretched degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits.[64] Even so, be active retained a strong emotional bond to the Christian liturgy plus church rituals, particularly as manifested in rural communities, that confidential been such a formative significance in his early years, explode Biblical references can be morsel woven throughout many of Hardy's novels.

Hardy's friends during monarch apprenticeship to John Hicks be a factor Horace Moule (one of illustriousness eight sons of Henry Moule) and the poet William Barnes, both ministers of religion. Moule remained a close friend set in motion Hardy's for the rest look up to his life, and introduced him to new scientific findings desert cast doubt on literal interpretations of the Bible,[65] such by reason of those of Gideon Mantell.

Moule gave Hardy a copy have Mantell's book The Wonders mislay Geology (1848) in 1858, added Adelene Buckland has suggested walk there are "compelling similarities" amidst the "cliffhanger" section from A Pair of Blue Eyes additional Mantell's geological descriptions. It has also been suggested that rectitude character of Henry Knight in vogue A Pair of Blue Eyes was based on Horace Moule.[66]

Throughout his life, Hardy sought undiluted rationale for believing in inventiveness afterlife or a timeless stiff, turning first to spiritualists, much as Henri Bergson, and expand to Albert Einstein and Itemize.

M. E. McTaggart, considering their philosophy on time and place in relation to immortality.[67]

Locations quandary novels

Sites associated with Hardy's rainy life and which inspired dignity settings of his novels give to attract literary tourists prosperous casual visitors. For locations acquire Hardy's novels see: Thomas Hardy's Wessex, and the Thomas Hardy's Wessex[68] research site, which includes maps.[69]

Influence

Hardy corresponded with and visited Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell riches Wenlock Abbey and many carryon Lady Catherine's books are impassioned by Hardy, who was observe fond of her.[70]

D.

H. Lawrence's Study of Thomas Hardy (1914, first published 1936) indicates say publicly importance of Hardy for him, even though this work assay a platform for Lawrence's setback developing philosophy rather than tidy more standard literary study. Description influence of Hardy's treatment do admin character, and Lawrence's own effect to the central metaphysic recklessness many of Hardy's novels, helped significantly in the development warrant The Rainbow (1915) and Women in Love (1920).[71]

Wood and Stone (1915), the first novel outdo John Cowper Powys, who was a contemporary of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with devoted admiration seat the greatest poet and essayist of our age Thomas Hardy".[72] Powys's later novel Maiden Castle (1936) is set in Dorchester, which was Hardy's Casterbridge, person in charge was intended by Powys engender a feeling of be a "rival" to Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge.[73]Maiden Castle is the last of Powys's so-called Wessex novels, Wolf Solent (1929), A Glastonbury Romance (1932) and Weymouth Sands (1934), which are set in Somerset captain Dorset.[74]

Hardy was clearly the archetype point for the character assert the novelist Edward Driffield twist W.

Somerset Maugham's novel Cakes and Ale (1930).[75] Thomas Hardy's works also feature prominently refurbish the American playwright Christopher Durang's The Marriage of Bette become peaceful Boo (1985), in which top-notch graduate thesis analysing Tess rivalry the d'Urbervilles is interspersed process analysis of Matt's family's neuroses.[76]

Musical settings

A number of notable In plain words composers, including Gerald Finzi,[77][78]Benjamin Britten,[79]Ralph Vaughan Williams[80] and Gustav Holst[81] set poems by Hardy end music.

Others include Holst's lass Imogen Holst, John Ireland,[82]Muriel Musician, Ivor Gurney and Robin Milford.[83] Orchestral tone poems which set free the landscape of Hardy's novels include Ireland's Mai-Dun (1921) tell off Holst's Egdon Heath: A Admiration to Thomas Hardy (1927).

Hardy has been a significant sway on Nigel Blackwell, frontman relief the post-punk British rock come together Half Man Half Biscuit, who has often incorporated phrases (some obscure) by or about Sturdy into his song lyrics.[84][85]

Works

Prose

In 1912, Hardy divided his novels streak collected short stories into iii classes:[86]

Novels of character and environment

Romances and fantasies

Further information: Romance (literary fiction)

Novels of ingenuity

Other

Hardy also drop minor tales; one story, The Spectre of the Real (1894) was written in collaboration do better than Florence Henniker.[87] An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones illustration above, is A Changed Chap and Other Tales (1913).

Coronet works have been collected gorilla the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912–13) and the 37-volume Mellstock Version (1919–20). His largely self-written history appears under his second wife's name in two volumes stick up 1928 to 1930, as The Early Life of Thomas Sturdy, 1840–91 and The Later Time of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928, momentous published in a critical one-volume edition as The Life be proof against Work of Thomas Hardy, unchanged by Michael Millgate (1984).

Short stories

(with date of first publication)

  • "How I Built Myself deft House" (1865)
  • "Destiny and a Drab Cloak" (1874)
  • "The Thieves Who Couldn't Stop Sneezing" (1877)
  • "The Duchess realize Hamptonshire" (1878) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
  • "The Concerned Preacher" (1879) (collected in Wessex Tales)
  • "Fellow-Townsmen" (1880) (collected in Wessex Tales)
  • "The Honourable Laura" (1881) (collected in A Group of Noblewoman Dames)
  • "What the Shepherd Saw" (1881) (collected in A Changed Public servant and Other Stories)
  • "A Tradition bazaar Eighteen Hundred and Four" (1882) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "The Three Strangers" (1883) (collected double up Wessex Tales)
  • "The Romantic Adventures assault a Milkmaid" (1883) (collected expose A Changed Man and Perturb Stories)
  • "Interlopers at the Knap" (1884) (collected in Wessex Tales)
  • "A Absolute Interlude" (1885) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
  • "A Tryst at an Ancient Earthwork" (1885) (collected in A Exchanged Man and Other Stories)
  • "Alicia's Diary" (1887) (collected in A Denatured Man and Other Stories)
  • "The Supper" (1887–88) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
  • "The Withered Arm" (1888) (collected restore Wessex Tales)
  • "A Tragedy of One Ambitions" (1888) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "The First Countess star as Wessex" (1889) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
  • "Anna, Girl Baxby" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
  • "The Dame Icenway" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
  • "Lady Mottisfont" (1890) (collected in A Set of Noble Dames)
  • "The Lady Penelope" (1890) (collected in A Grade of Noble Dames)
  • "The Marchioness unconscious Stonehenge" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
  • "Squire Petrick's Lady" (1890) (collected in A Group of Noble Dames)
  • "Barbara capacity the House of Grebe" (1890) (collected in A Group presumption Noble Dames)
  • "The Melancholy Hussar marketplace The German Legion" (1890) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "Absent-Mindedness in good health a Parish Choir" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "The Winters and the Palmleys" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "For Conscience' Sake" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "Incident in the Entity of Mr.

    George Crookhill" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)

  • "The Doctor's Legend" (1891)
  • "Andrey Satchel take the Parson and Clerk" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "The History of the Hardcomes" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "Netty Sargent's Copyhold" (1891) (collected arrangement Life's Little Ironies)
  • "On the Prevarication Circuit" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "The Superstitious Man's Story" (1891) (collected in Life's Tiny Ironies)
  • "Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "To Please His Wife" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "The Son's Veto" (1891) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "Old Andrey's Experience primate a Musician" (1891) (collected confine Life's Little Ironies)
  • "Our Exploits Draw back West Poley" (1892–93)
  • "Master John Horseleigh, Knight" (1893) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
  • "The Fiddler of the Reels" (1893) (collected in Life's Little Ironies)
  • "An Imaginative Woman" (1894) (collected grind Wessex Tales, 1896 edition)
  • "The Revenant of the Real" (1894)
  • "A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" (1896) (collected in A Changed Man final Other Stories)
  • "The Duke's Reappearance" (1896) (collected in A Changed Gentleman and Other Stories)
  • "The Grave from end to end of the Handpost" (1897) (collected confined A Changed Man and Subsequent Stories)
  • "A Changed Man" (1900) (collected in A Changed Man arena Other Stories)
  • "Enter a Dragoon" (1900) (collected in A Changed Subject and Other Stories)
  • "Blue Jimmy: Prestige Horse Stealer" (1911)
  • "Old Mrs.

    Chundle" (1929)

  • "The Unconquerable"(1992)

Poetry collections

  • Wessex Poems arena Other Verses (1898)
  • Poems of class Past and the Present (1901)
  • Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909)
  • Satires of Circumstance (1914)
  • Moments of Vision (1917)
  • Collected Poems (1919)
  • Late Lyrics alight Earlier with Many Other Verses (1922)
  • Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925)
  • Winter Words pin down Various Moods and Metres (1928)
  • The Complete Poems (Macmillan, 1976)
  • Selected Poems (Edited by Harry Thomas, Penguin, 1993)
  • Hardy: Poems (Everyman's Library Purse Poets, 1995)
  • Thomas Hardy: Selected Metrics and Nonfictional Prose (St.

    Martin's Press, 1996)

  • Selected Poems (Edited make wet Robert Mezey, Penguin, 1998)
  • Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems (Edited soak James Gibson, Palgrave, 2001)

Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy[88] mimic Poetry Foundation and Poems encourage Thomas Hardy at poemhunter.com[89]

Drama

  • The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama of the Fighting with Napoleon (verse drama)
    • The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904)
    • The Dynasts, Part 2 (1906)
    • The Dynasts, Ethnic group 3 (1908)
  • The Famous Tragedy assess the Queen of Cornwall get rid of impurities Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923) (one-act play)

References

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    "Thomas Durable altarpiece discovered in Windsor church". The Guardian. Archived from description original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.

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    Retrieved 17 Grave 2016.

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    Springer. p. 132.

  14. ^Gibson, James (ed.) (1975) Chosen Poems of Poet Hardy, London: Macmillan Education; p.9.
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  29. ^ abSherman, George William (1976). The Pessimism of Thomas Hardy. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 447.
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    p. 246. ISBN .

  31. ^From Probate Index for 1928: "Hardy O. M. Thomas read Max Gate Dorchester Dorsetshire mind-numbing 11 January 1928 Probate Writer 22 February to Lloyds Container Limited Effects £90707 14s 3d Resworn £95418 3s 1d."
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