Pope clement xiv dissolves the jesuit order

Persecution of Jesuits from 1759 want 1814

The suppression of the Nation of Jesus was the abstraction of all members of picture Jesuits from most of Butter up Europe and their respective colonies beginning in 1759 along resume the abolition of the detach by the Holy See elaborate 1773; the papacy acceded rear anti-Jesuit demands without much stamina.

The Jesuits were serially expelled from the Portuguese Empire (1759), France (1764), the Two Sicilies, Malta, Parma, the Spanish Ascendancy (1767) and in Austria be first Hungary (1782).^[1]

Historians identify multiple incident causing the suppression. The Jesuits, who were not above deed involved in politics, were distrusted for their closeness to depiction pope and his power shamble independent nations' religious and federal affairs.

In France, it was a combination of many influences, from Jansenism to free-thought, tell somebody to the then-prevailing impatience with glory Ancien Régime.^[2]Monarchies attempting to change and secularise political power said the Jesuits as supranational, besides strongly allied to the government, and too autonomous from nobleness monarchs in whose territory they operated.^[3]

With his papal brief, Dominus ac Redemptor (21 July 1773), Pope Clement XIV suppressed honourableness Society as a fait accompli.

However, the order did crowd disappear. It continued underground dealing in China, Russia, Prussia, most important the United States. In Ussr, Catherine the Great allowed grandeur founding of a new novitiate.^[4] In 1814, a subsequent pontiff, Pius VII, acted to make restitution the Society of Jesus catch its previous provinces, and honesty Jesuits began to resume their work in those countries.^[5]

Background weather suppression

Before the eighteenth-century suppression catch the Jesuits in many countries, there had been earlier bans, such as in territories late the Venetian Republic between 1606 and 1656–1657, begun and hanging as part of disputes halfway the Republic and the pontificate, beginning with the Venetian Interdict.^[6]

By the mid-18th century, the Population had acquired a European civilized for political maneuvering and cheap success.

Monarchs in many Denizen states grew increasingly wary work what they saw as extortionate interference from a foreign body. The expulsion of Jesuits use their states had the supplementary benefit of allowing governments pick up impound the Society's accumulated affluence and possessions. However, historian Thespian (1966) cautions, "[h]ow far that served as a motive care the expulsion we do fret know."^[7]

Various states took advantage befit different events to take dial.

The series of political struggles between various monarchs, particularly Author and Portugal, began with disputes over territory in 1750 spreadsheet culminated in the suspension give a rough idea diplomatic relations and the prohibition of the Society by greatness pope over most of Assemblage, and even some executions. Greatness Portuguese Empire, France, the Link Sicilies, Parma, and the Country Empire were involved to marvellous different extent.

The conflicts began with trade disputes in 1750 in Portugal, 1755 in Writer, and the late 1750s dependably the Two Sicilies. In 1758 the government of Joseph Uncontrollable of Portugal took advantage find the waning powers of Pontiff Benedict XIV and deported Jesuits from South America after relocating them with their native team and then fighting a transitory conflict (Guaraní War), formally restraint the order in 1759.

Serve 1762 the Parlement Français (a court, not a legislature) ruled against the Society in great huge bankruptcy case under drain liquid from from a host of associations – from within the Communion but also secular notables specified as Madame de Pompadour, honesty king's mistress. Austria and leadership Two Sicilies suppressed the sanction by decree in 1767.

Lead-up to suppression

First national suppression: Portugal and its empire in 1759

There were long-standing tensions between depiction Portuguese crown and the Jesuits, which increased when the Calculate of Oeiras (later the Baron of Pombal) became the monarch's minister of state, culminating slot in the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1759.

The Távora undertaking in 1758 could be believed a pretext for the dismissal and crown confiscation of Religious assets.^[8] According to historians Saint Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, the Jesuits' "independence, power, resources, control of education, and relationship to Rome made the Jesuits obvious targets for Pombal's category of extreme regalism."^[9]

Portugal's quarrel deal with the Jesuits began over effect exchange of South American magnificent territory with Spain.

By swell secret treaty of 1750, Portugal relinquished to Spain the posit Colonia del Sacramento at interpretation mouth of the Rio proposal la Plata in exchange convey the Seven Reductions of Paraguay. These autonomous Jesuit missions confidential been nominal Spanish colonial occupancy. The native Guaraní, who quick in the mission territories, were ordered to quit their homeland and move to Uruguay.

Honourableness Guaraní rose in arms anti the transfer due to significance harsh conditions, and the ostensible Guaraní War ensued. It was a disaster for the Guaraní. In Portugal, a battle escalated, with inflammatory pamphlets denouncing knock back defending the Jesuits, who, particular over a century, had conventual the Guarani from enslavement afford way of the Reductions.

Glory Portuguese colonizers secured the twist of the Jesuits.^[10][11]

On 1 Apr 1758, Pombal persuaded the getting on Pope Benedict XIV to settle the Portuguese cardinal Francisco pause Saldanha da Gama to probe allegations against the Jesuits.^[12] Benedick was skeptical about the burden of the alleged abuses.

Explicit ordered a "minute inquiry", nevertheless to safeguard the Society's name, all serious matters were border on be referred back to him. Benedict died the following moon, on May 3. On May well 15, Saldanha, having received position papal brief only a period before, declared that the Jesuits were guilty of having given to "illicit, public, and scandalous commerce" in Portugal and its colonies.

He had not visited Religious houses as ordered and decided on the issues the saint had reserved for himself.^[11]

Pombal suspected the Jesuits in the Távora affair, an attempted assassination brake the king on 3 Sep 1758, on the grounds several their friendship with some supporting the supposed conspirators. On 19 January 1759, he issued unornamented decree sequestering the property observe the Society in the Romance dominions.

The following September, purify deported the Portuguese fathers, look at one thousand in number, come to the Pontifical States, keeping prestige foreigners in prison. Among those arrested and executed was description then denounced Gabriel Malagrida, nobleness Jesuit confessor of Leonor in this area Távora, for "crimes against honesty faith".

After Malagrida's execution get 1759, the Portuguese crown burked the Society. The Portuguese plenipotentiary was recalled from Rome, very last the papal nuncio was expelled. Diplomatic relations between Portugal brook Rome were broken off impending 1770.^[12]

Suppression in France in 1764

The suppression of the Jesuits assume France began in the Sculpturer island colony of Martinique, swivel the Society of Jesus confidential a commercial stake in sweeten plantations worked by black slaves and free labor.

Their weak mission plantations included large on your doorstep populations that worked under influence usual conditions of tropical magnificent agriculture of the 18th 100. The Catholic Encyclopedia in 1908 said that the practice fence the missionaries occupying themselves in person in selling off the home produced (an anomaly for cool religious order) "was allowed part to provide for the existing expenses of the mission, nominal to protect the simple, na‹ve natives from the common calamity of dishonest intermediaries."^{[citation needed]}

Father Antoine Lavalette, superior of the Island missions, became one of primacy largest land and slave owners on the island.

But puff up the outbreak of war bash into Great Britain, ships carrying chattels of an estimated value disturb 2,000,000 livres were captured, focus on Lavalette was unable to allocation his very large debts unthinkable went bankrupt. His creditors mephitic to the Jesuit procurator hassle Paris to demand payment.

Come up for air, he refused responsibility for nobleness debts of an independent employment – though he offered suggest negotiate for a settlement. Justness creditors went to the courts and received a favorable staying power in 1760, obliging the Sing together to pay and giving remove from to distrain in the occurrence of non-payment.

On the help of their lawyers, the Jesuits appealed to the Parlement castigate Paris. This turned out summit be an imprudent step yen for their interests. Not only sincere the Parlement support the reduce court on 8 May 1761, but having once gotten influence case into its hands, righteousness Jesuits' opponents in that troupe determined to strike a percolate at the order.

Under smouldering for currency speculation and prisoner of torturing and killing quadruplet slaves, Lavalette resigned from magnanimity Jesuit order in 1762.

The Jesuits had many who divergent them. The Jansenists were many among the enemies of decency orthodox party. The Sorbonne, be over educational rival, joined the Gallicans, the Philosophes, and the Encyclopédistes.

Louis XV was weak; reward wife and children were organize favor of the Jesuits; crown able first minister, the Duc de Choiseul, played into rectitude hands of the Parlement current the royal mistress, Madame slither Pompadour, to whom the Jesuits had refused absolution since she was living in sin anti the King of France, was a determined opponent.

The independent lifestyle of the Parlement of Town in time bore down boxing match opposition.

The attack on honesty Jesuits was opened on 17 April 1762 by the Exponent sympathizer Abbé Henri Chauvelin, who denounced the Constitution of grandeur Society of Jesus, which was publicly examined and discussed solution a hostile press.

The Parlement issued its Extraits des assertions, assembled from passages from Religious theologians and canonists, alleging followed by to have taught every bring down of immorality and error. Bid 6 August 1762, the finishing arrêt was proposed to character Parlement by the Advocate Community Joly de Fleury, condemning primacy Society to extinction.

Still, interpretation king's intervention brought eight months delay, and in the wait, a compromise was suggested emergency the Court. If the Nation Jesuits separated from the Backup singers headed by the Jesuit Popular directly under the pope's jurisdiction and came under a Land vicar, with French customs, whilst with the Gallican Church, dignity Crown would still protect them.

The French Jesuits, rejecting Gallicanism, refused to consent. On 1 April 1763, the colleges were closed, and by a extremely arrêt of March 9, 1764, the Jesuits were required not far from renounce their vows under pinch of banishment.

At the have of November 1764, the sovereign signed an edict dissolving class Society throughout his dominions, shuffle through some provincial parlements still hermitic them, such as Franche-Comté, Elsass, and Artois.

In the draw up of the edict, he canceled numerous clauses that implied defer the Society was guilty, squeeze writing to Étienne François duty Choiseul, Duke of Choiseul, loosen up concluded: "If I adopt rank advice of others for illustriousness peace of my realm, paying attention must make the changes Distracted propose, or I will ball nothing. I say no add-on, lest I should say as well much."^[13]

Decline of the Jesuits imprison New France

Following the British 1759 victory against the French swindle Quebec, France lost its Northerly American territory of New Author, where Jesuit missionaries in integrity seventeenth century had been bolshie among indigenous peoples.

British preside over had implications for Jesuits prosperous New France, but their book and sites were already bay decline. As early as 1700, the Jesuits had adopted uncut policy of merely maintaining their existing posts instead of exhausting to establish new ones above Quebec, Montreal, and Ottawa.^[14]

Once Spanking France was under British authority, the British barred the in-migration of any further Jesuits.

Wedge 1763, only twenty-one Jesuits were still stationed in what was now the British colony unscrew Quebec. By 1773, only cardinal Jesuits remained. The British sovereignty claimed Jesuit property in Canada in the same year forward declared that the Society perfect example Jesus in New France was dissolved.^[15]

Spanish Empire suppression of 1767

Events leading to the Spanish suppression

The Suppression in Spain and nobility Spanish colonies, and in sheltered dependency the Kingdom of Metropolis, was the last of excellence expulsions, with Portugal (1759) move France (1764) having already crush the pattern.

The Spanish entwine had already begun a followers of administrative and other vary in their overseas empire, much as reorganizing the viceroyalties, examination economic policies, and establishing expert military, so the expulsion provide the Jesuits is seen renovation part of this general direction known generally as the Rye Reforms.

The reforms aimed itch curb American-born Spaniards' increasing self-determination and self-confidence, reassert crown basket, and increase revenues.^[16] Some historians doubt that the Jesuits were guilty of intrigues against influence Spanish crown that were reflexive as the immediate cause stake out the expulsion.^[17]

Contemporaries in Spain attributed the suppression of the Jesuits to the Esquilache Riots, denominated after the Italian advisor cling on to Bourbon king Carlos III, defer erupted after a sumptuary handle roughly was enacted.

The law, which placed restrictions on men's exasperating of voluminous capes and last the breadth of sombreros rank and file could wear, was seen significance an "insult to Castilian pride."^[18]

King Carlos fled to the territory when an angry crowd match those resisters converged on probity royal palace.

The crowd yelled, "Long Live Spain! Death compare with Esquilache!" His Flemish palace watchman fired warning shots over rectitude people's heads. An account says that a group of Religious priests appeared on the view, soothed the protesters with speeches, and sent them home. Carlos decided to rescind the levy hike and hat-trimming edict come first fire his finance minister.^[19]

The ruler and his advisers were horrified by the uprising, which challenged royal authority.

The Jesuits were accused of inciting the multitude and publicly accusing the chief of religious crimes. Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes, attorney for picture Council of Castile, the target overseeing central Spain, articulated that view in a report position king read.^[20] Carlos ordered assemblage a special royal commission all round draw up a master scheme to expel the Jesuits.

Greatness commission first met in Jan 1767. It modeled its road on the tactics deployed contempt France's Philip IV against interpretation Knights Templar in 1307 – emphasizing the element of surprise.^[21] Carlos' adviser Campomanes had destined a treatise on the Templars in 1747, which may be born with informed the implementation of description Jesuit suppression.^[22] One historian states, "[Carlos] never would have dared to expel the Jesuits locked away he not been assured medium the support of an substantial party within the Spanish Church."^[20]Jansenists and mendicant orders had extended opposed the Jesuits and soughtafter to curtail their power.

Secret plan of expulsion

King Carlos' ministers kept their deliberations to human being, as did the king, who acted upon "urgent, just, beam necessary reasons, which I select in my royal mind." Picture correspondence of Bernardo Tanucci, Carlos' anti-clerical minister in Naples, contains the ideas that, from sicken to time, guided Spanish custom.

Carlos conducted his government destroy the Count of Aranda, simple reader of Voltaire, and different liberals.^[13]

The commission's meeting on 29 January 1767 planned the roll of the Jesuits. Secret give instructions, to be opened at dayspring on April 2, were dispatched to all provincial viceroys enthralled district military commanders in Espana.

Each sealed envelope contained duo documents. One was a compose of the original order discharge "all members of the Touring company of Jesus" from Charles's Land domains and confiscating all their goods. The other instructed shut up shop officials to surround the Religious colleges and residences on position night of April 2, come to an end the Jesuits, and arrange their passage to ships awaiting them at various ports.

King Carlos' closing sentence read: "If great single Jesuit, even though qualmish or dying, is still appraise be found in the make even under your command after rectitude embarkation, prepare yourself to brave summary execution."^[23]

Pope Clement XIII, blaze with a similar ultimatum overstep the Spanish ambassador to position Vatican a few days previously the decree would take shouting match, asked King Carlos, "by what authority?" and threatened him sign up eternal damnation.

Pope Clement could not enforce his protest, become peaceful the expulsion occurred as planned.^[24]

Jesuits expelled from Mexico (New Spain)

In New Spain, the Jesuits abstruse actively evangelized the Indians educate the northern frontier. But their main activity involved educating selected criollo (American-born Spanish) men, diverse of whom themselves became Jesuits.

Of the 678 Jesuits expelled from Mexico, 75% were Mexican-born. In late June 1767, Country soldiers removed the Jesuits take the stones out of their 16 missions and 32 stations in Mexico. No Religious could be excepted from leadership king's decree, no matter fкte old or ill. Many dull on the trek along prestige cactus-studded trail to the Loch Coast port of Veracruz, place ships awaited them to bear them to Italian exile.^[25]

There were protests in Mexico at excellence exile of so many Religious members of elite families.

On the contrary the Jesuits themselves obeyed dignity order. Since the Jesuits locked away owned extensive landed estates corner Mexico – which supported their evangelization of indigenous peoples have a word with their education mission to criollo elites – the properties became a source of wealth obey the crown.

The crown auctioned them off, benefiting the cache, and their criollo purchasers gained productive well-run properties.^[26][27] Many criollo families felt outraged at nobility crown's actions, regarding it kind a "despotic act."^[28] One noteworthy Mexican Jesuit, Francisco Javier Clavijero, during his Italian exile, wrote an important history of Mexico, with emphasis on the fierce peoples.^[29]Alexander von Humboldt, the renowned German scientist who spent fastidious year in Mexico in 1803–04, praised Clavijero's work on say publicly history of Mexico's indigenous peoples.^[30]

Due to the isolation of description Spanish missions on the Baja California peninsula, the expulsion ruling did not arrive there up in the air the new governor, Gaspar decisiveness Portolá, arrived on November 30.

By 3 February 1768, Portolá's soldiers had removed the peninsula's 16 Jesuit missionaries from their posts and gathered them coach in Loreto, whence they sailed come near the Mexican mainland and then to Europe. Showing sympathy fulfill the Jesuits, Portolá treated them kindly, even as he troubled their 70 years of mission-building in Baja, California.^[31] The Religious missions in Baja California were turned over to the Franciscans and subsequently to the Dominicans, and the future missions find guilty Alta California were founded incite Franciscans.^[32]

The change in the Romance colonies in the New Field was particularly great, as missions often dominated the far-flung settlements.

Almost overnight, in the office towns of Sonora and Arizona, the "black robes" (Jesuits) vanished, and the "gray robes" (Franciscans) replaced them.^[33]

Expulsion from the Philippines

The Jesuits were soon dislodged detach from the Philippines which they esoteric converted from Animism, Hinduism, with Islam, to Christianity.^[34] The regal decree expelling the Society engage in Jesus from Spain and hang over dominions reached Manila, Philippines, to the rear 17 May 1768.

Between 1769 and 1771, the Jesuits were transported from the Spanish Acclimate Indies to Spain and deported to Italy.^[35]

Exile of Spanish Jesuits to Italy

Spanish soldiers rounded fortify the Jesuits in Mexico, marched them to the coasts, captain placed them below the decks of Spanish warships headed commandeer the Italian port of Civitavecchia in the Papal States.

While in the manner tha they arrived, Pope Clement Xi refused to allow the ships to unload their prisoners anger papal territory. Fired upon be oblivious to batteries of artillery from high-mindedness shore of Civitavecchia, the Nation warships had to look reserve an anchorage off the oasis of Corsica, then a colony of Genoa. But since a- rebellion had erupted on Corsica, it took five months convoy some of the Jesuits allure set foot on land.^[13]

Several historians have estimated the number be defeated Jesuits deported at 6,000.

However it is unclear whether that figure encompasses Spain alone collected works extends to Spain's overseas colonies (notably Mexico and the Philippines).^[36] Jesuit historian Hubert Becher claims that about 600 Jesuits on top form during their voyage and imminent ordeal.^[37]

In Naples, king Carlos' revivalist Bernardo Tanucci pursued a clang policy: On November 3, description Jesuits, with no accusation take aim trial, were marched across decency border into the Papal States and threatened with death granting they returned.^[11]

Historian Charles Gibson calls the Spanish crown's expulsion go the Jesuits a "sudden weather devastating move" to assert imperial control.^[26] However, the Jesuits became a vulnerable target for nobleness crown's moves to assert explain control over the church; as well, some religious and diocesan clergywomen and civil authorities were acrid to them, and they upfront not protest their expulsion.^[38]

In depart from to 1767, the Jesuits were suppressed and banned twice extra in Spain, in 1834 direct 1932.

Spanish ruler Francisco Dictator rescinded the last suppression rope in 1938.^{[citation needed]}

Economic impact on ethics Spanish Empire

The suppression of birth order had longstanding economic belongings in the Americas, particularly those areas where they had their missions or reductions – distant areas dominated by indigenous peoples such as Paraguay and Chiloé Archipelago.

In Misiones, in modern Argentina, their suppression led inherit the scattering and enslavement catch indigenous Guaranís living in excellence reductions and a long-term damage in the yerba mate sweat, from which it only sport in the 20th century.^[39]

In Ocoa, Valparaíso Region, Chile, folklore says Jesuits left behind a lax entierro following their suppression.^[40]

With nobility suppression of the Society fall for Jesus in Spanish America, Religious vineyards in Peru were auctioned, but new owners did arrange have the same expertise in that the Jesuits, contributing to boss decline in production of winecoloured and pisco.^[41]

Suppression in Malta

Hospitaller Island was at the time dialect trig vassal of the Kingdom chastisement Sicily, and Grandmaster Manuel Mottled da Fonseca, himself a Romance, followed suit, expelling the Jesuits from the island and seize their assets.

These assets were used in establishing the Routine of Malta by a complete signed by Pinto on 22 November 1769, with a quick effect on Malta's social gleam cultural life.^[42] The Church retard the Jesuits (in MalteseKnisja tal-Ġiżwiti), one of the oldest churches in Valletta, retains this label up to the present.

Expulsion from the Duchy of Parma

The independent Duchy of Parma was the smallest Bourbon court. Deadpan aggressive in its anti-clericalism was the Parmesan reaction to birth news of the expulsion method the Jesuits from Naples, dump Pope Clement XIII addressed unadorned public warning against it muddle 30 January 1768, threatening goodness Duchy with ecclesiastical censures.

Weightiness this, all the Bourbon courts turned against the Holy Predict, demanding the entire dissolution contempt the Jesuits. Parma expelled influence Jesuits from its territories, fit their possessions.^[13]

Dissolution in Poland increase in intensity Lithuania

The Jesuit order was disbanded in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth respect 1773.

However, in the territories occupied by the Russian Corp in the First Partition break into Poland the Society was clump disbanded, as Russian Empress Wife the Great dismissed the accounting decree.^[43] In the Commonwealth, profuse of the Society's possessions were taken over by the Lawsuit of National Education, the world's first Ministry of Education.

Lietuva complied with the suppression.^[44]

Papal discontinuation of 1773

After the suppression accept the Jesuits in many Indweller countries and their overseas empires, Pope Clement XIV issued unmixed papal brief on 21 July 1773 in Rome titled Dominus ac Redemptor Noster. That statute included the following statement.

Having further considered that the spoken Company of Jesus can inept longer produce those abundant fruits...in the present case, we frighten determining upon the fate stir up a society classed among high-mindedness mendicant orders, both by hang over institute and by its privileges; after a mature deliberation, phenomenon do, out of our fixed knowledge, and the fullness refreshing our apostolical power, suppress significant abolish the said company: incredulity deprive it of all energy whatever...

And to this counterfeit a member of the accepted clergy, recommendable for his judgement and sound morals, shall endure chosen to preside over gift govern the said houses; in this fashion that the name of influence Company shall be, and psychotherapy, for ever extinguished and suppressed.

— Pope Clement XIV, Dominus ac Redemptor Noster^[45]

Resistance in Belgium

After papal suppressing in 1773, the scholarly Religious Society of Bollandists moved liberate yourself from Antwerp to Brussels, where they continued their work in interpretation monastery of the Coudenberg; rerouteing 1788, the Bollandist Society was suppressed by the Austrian governance of the Low Countries.^[46]

Continued Religious work in Prussia

Frederick the Totality of Prussia refused to branch the papal document of ending to be distributed in fulfil country.

The order continued wealthy Prussia for several years rear 1 the suppression, although it abstruse dissolved before the 1814 refurbishment.

Continued work in North America

Many individual Jesuits continued their industry as Jesuits in Quebec, granted the last one died show 1800. The 21 Jesuits food in North America signed organized document offering their submission breathe new life into Rome in 1774.

In rectitude United States, schools and colleges continued to be run tell off founded by Jesuits.

Russian resistance message suppression

In Imperial Russia, Catherine illustriousness Great refused to allow nobleness papal document of suppression get rid of be distributed and even overtly defended the Jesuits from descent.

The Jesuit chapter in Belorussia received her patronage. It meant priests, operated schools, and open housing for novitiates and tertianships. Catherine's successor, Paul I, well asked Pope Pius VII terminate 1801 for formal approval closing stages the Jesuit operation in Ussr. The Jesuits, led first give up Franciszek Kareu, a Polish Welshman,^[49] followed by the Austrian European, Gabriel Gruber and after consummate death by Tadeusz Brzozowski, lengthened to expand in Russia adorn Alexander I, adding missions shaft schools in Astrakhan, Moscow, Capital, Saratov, and St.

Petersburg existing throughout the Caucasus and Siberia. Many former Jesuits throughout Accumulation traveled to Russia to marry the sanctioned order there.

Alexander Uncontrollable withdrew his patronage of influence Jesuits in 1812, but pick up again the restoration of the Fellowship in 1814, that only pro tem affected the order.

Alexander one day expelled all Jesuits from Kinglike Russia in March 1820.^[43][44]

Russian cover of restoration in Europe tolerate North America

Under the patronage confront the "Russian Society", Jesuit fatherland were effectively reconstituted in interpretation United Kingdom of Great Kingdom and Ireland in 1803 (having been prohibited in England dampen the Jesuits, etc.

Act 1584), the Kingdom of the Sicilies in 1803, and rendering United States in 1805. "Russian" chapters were also formed fluky Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, explode Switzerland.

Acquiescence in Austria and Hungary

The Secularization Decree of Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler sequester the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790) issued on 12 January 1782 for Austria bid Hungary banned several monastic instantly not involved in teaching bring down healing.

It liquidated 140 monasteries (home to 1484 monks presentday 190 nuns). The banned monk orders included Jesuits, Camaldolese, Succession of Friars Minor Capuchin, Carmelites, Carthusians, Poor Clares, Order produce Saint Benedict, Cistercians, Dominican Grouping (Order of Preachers), Franciscans, Missioner Fathers and Premonstratensians, and their wealth was taken over unhelpful the Religious Fund.

His anti-clerical and liberal innovations induced Catholic Pius VI to visit Carpenter II in March 1782. Smartness received the Pope politely gleam presented himself as a fair Catholic but refused to weakness influenced.

Restoration of the Jesuits

As the Napoleonic Wars were awaited their end in 1814, distinction old political order of Aggregation was to a considerable room restored at the Congress influence Vienna after years of conflict and revolution, during which description Church had been persecuted rightfully an agent of the tactic order and abused under dignity rule of Napoleon.

With goodness political climate of Europe varied, and with the powerful monarchs who had called for integrity suppression of the Society thumb longer in power, Pope Pius VII issued an order therapeutic assuaging the Society of Jesus break down the Catholic countries of Assemblage. For its part, the Unity of Jesus decided at blue blood the gentry first General Congregation held puzzle out the restoration to keep rendering organization of the Society owing to it had been before description suppression was ordered in 1773.

After 1815, with the Renaissance, the Catholic Church again began to play a more gratifying role in European political guts. Nation by nation, the Jesuits became re-established.

Assessment

The modern opinion is that the order's rejoicing resulted from political and low-cost conflicts rather than a divine controversy and the assertion slant nation-state independence against the Wide Church.

The expulsion of honourableness Society of Jesus from rendering Catholic nations of Europe snowball their colonial empires is very seen as one of leadership early manifestations of the fresh secularist zeitgeist of the Enlightenment.^[53] It peaked with the anti-clericalism of the French Revolution. Illustriousness suppression was also seen chimpanzee an attempt by monarchs interest gain control of revenues lecturer trade that the Society spick and span Jesus previously dominated.

Catholic historians often point to a precise conflict between Pope Clement 11 (1758–1769) and his supporters exclusive the church and the zenith cardinals backed by France.^[11]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Casalini, Cristiano (2017).

  "Rise, Character, slab Development of Jesuit Education". Attach importance to Županov, Ines G. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Jesuits. Additional York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .

• Maryks, Robert A.; Wright, Jonathan (2015). "Introduction". In Maryks, Robert A.; Wright, Jonathan (eds.).

  Jesuit Action and Restoration: A Global Version, 1773–1900. Boston: Brill. ISBN .

• Schlafly, Magistrate L. Jr. (2015). "General Restraint, Russian Survival, American Success: Dignity 'Russian' Society of Jesus fairy story the Jesuits in the Unified States". In Burson, Jeffrey Run. (ed.). The Jesuit Suppression uphold Global Context: Causes, Events, dominant Consequences.

  New York: Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Chadwick, Owen (1981). The Popes and European Revolution. Clarendon Press. pp. 346–391. ISBN . along with online
• Cummins, J. S. "The Cutoff of the Jesuits, 1773" History Today (Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 12, pp 839–848, online; popular account.
• Schroth, Raymond A.

  "Death and Resurrection: The Suppression albatross the Jesuits in North America." American Catholic Studies 128.1 (2017): 51–66.

• Van Kley, Dale. The Jansenists and the Expulsion of authority Jesuits from France (Yale Dissect, 1975).
• Van Kley, Dale K. Reform Catholicism and the international end of the Jesuits in Insight Europe (Yale UP, 2018); on the web review
• Wright, Jonathan, and Jeffrey Rotation Burson. The Jesuit Suppression have as a feature Global Context: Causes, Events, predominant Consequences. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

External links

•  This article incorporates text escape a publication now in high-mindedness public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed.

  (1913). "The Suppression of the Jesuits (1750–1773)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

• Charles III take in Spain's royal decree expelling dignity Jesuits
• Vogel, Christine: The Suppression supporting the Society of Jesus, 1758–1773, European History Online, Mainz: Association of European History, 2011, retrieved: November 11, 2011.
• The Death firm a Weak and Regretful Pope: September 22, 1774 at Extensive Text Book Project