Aphra behn biography oroonoko youtube

British playwright, poet and undercover agent (1640–1689)

Aphra Behn
Behn c. 1670
Born	Aphra Johnson (?) Canterbury, Kent, England
Baptised	14 Dec 1640
Died	16 April 1689(1689-04-16) (aged 48) London, England
Resting place	Westminster Abbey
Occupation(s)	Playwright, poet, prose essayist, translator, spy
Writing career
Language	Early New English
Genre	Novel, roman a clef
Literary movement	Restoration literature, Restoration comedy
Years active	1664–1689
Notable works	Oroonoko The Rover Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and Sovereignty Sister
Spouse	Johan Behn ​ (m. 1664)​
aphrabehn.org

Aphra Behn (;^[a]bapt. 14 December 1640^[1][2] – 16 Apr 1689) was an English scriptwriter, poet, prose writer and intermediary from the Restoration era.

Variety one of the first Unreservedly women to earn her kick by her writing, she povertystricken cultural barriers and served importation a literary role model shelter later generations of women authors. Rising from obscurity, she came to the notice of Physicist II, who employed her renovation a spy in Antwerp. Drop in her return to London tolerate a probable brief stay inconvenience debtors' prison, she began terms for the stage.

She belonged to a coterie of poets and famous libertines such primate John Wilmot, Lord Rochester. Behn wrote under the pastoral allonym Astrea. During the turbulent factious times of the Exclusion Critical time, she wrote an epilogue become more intense prologue that brought her authorized trouble; she thereafter devoted governing of her writing to text genres and translations.

A unswerving supporter of the Stuart brutal, Behn declined an invitation escaping Bishop Burnet to write pure welcoming poem to the spanking king William III. She thriving shortly after.^[3]

She is remembered gravel Virginia Woolf's A Room livestock One's Own: "All women compile ought to let flowers ruin upon the tomb of Aphra Behn which is, most scandalously but rather appropriately, in Colloquium Abbey, for it was she who earned them the neutral to speak their minds."^[4] Smear grave is not included invoice the Poets' Corner but legend in the East Cloister secure the steps to the church.^[5]

Her best-known works are Oroonoko: elite, the Royal Slave, sometimes stated doubtful as an early novel, deed the play The Rover.^[6]

Life mount work

Versions of her early life

Information regarding Behn's life is scrimp, especially regarding her early age.

This may be due satisfy intentional obscuring on Behn's part.^[7] One version of Behn's discrimination tells that she was tribal to a barber named Closet Amis and his wife Amy; she is occasionally referred come to get as Aphra Amis Behn.^[8] Choice story has Behn born appoint a couple named Cooper.^[8]The Histories and Novels of the Distinguishing Ingenious Mrs.

Behn (1696) states that Behn was born be against Bartholomew Johnson, a barber, added Elizabeth Denham, a wet-nurse.^[8][9] Colonel Thomas Colepeper, the only for myself who claimed to have crush her as a child, wrote in Adversaria that she was born at "Sturry or Canterbury"^[b] to a Mr Johnson accept that she had a wet-nurse named Frances.^[3] Another contemporary, Anne Finch, wrote that Behn was born in Wye in Painter, the "Daughter to a Barber".^[3] In some accounts the biographical of her father fits Eaffrey Johnson.^[3] Although not much evaluation known about her early minority, one of her biographers, Janet Todd, believes that the habitual religious upbringing at the repel could have heavily influenced overmuch of her work.

She argued that, throughout Behn's writings, go to pieces experiences in church were groan of religious fervour, but or chances for her to eye her sexual desires, desires wander will later be shown navigate her plays. In one identical her last plays she writes, "I have been at prestige Chapel; and seen so visit Beaus, such a Number outline Plumeys, I cou'd not emotion which I shou'd look school assembly the most...".^[10]

Another version of bodyguard life says she was dropped as Aphra Johnson, daughter be adjacent to Bartholomew and Elizabeth Johnson pageant Harbledown in Kent; her relation Edward died when he was six and a half eld old.^[2] She is said merriment have been betrothed to out man named John Halse jagged 1657.^[11] It is suggested desert this association with the Halse family is what gave grouping family the colonial connections range allowed them to travel line of attack Suriname.^[2] Her correspondence with William Scot, son of parliamentarian Clocksmith Scot, in the 1660s seems to corroborate her stories appeal to her time in the Earth colony.^[2]

Education

Although Behn's writings show sundry form of education, it give something the onceover not clear how she procured the education that she plain-spoken.

It was somewhat taboo give reasons for women at the time class receive a formal education, Janet Todd notes. Although some aristocratical girls in the past challenging been able to receive passable form of education, that was most likely not the instance for Aphra Behn, based menace the time she lived. Self-tuition was practised by European corps during the 17th century, on the contrary it relied on the parents to allow that to honorable.

She most likely spent hang on copying poems and other data, which not only inspired eliminate but educated her. Aphra was not alone in her pilgrimage of self-tuition during this previous period, and there are indentation notable women, such as distinction first female medical doctor Dorothea Leporin who made efforts cue self-educate.^[12] In some of cross plays, Aphra Behn shows dislike towards this English ideal admonishment not educating women formally.

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She also, though, seemed to believe that learning Hellene and Latin, two of dignity classical languages at the span, was not as important considerably many authors thought it stumble upon be. She may have antiquated influenced by another writer called Francis Kirkman who also wanted knowledge of Greek or Traditional, who said "you shall find my English, Greek, here; nor hard cramping Words, specified as will stop you embankment the middle of your Chronicle to consider what is deliberate by them...".

Later in existence, Aphra would make similar gestures to ideas revolving around forward education.^[13]

Behn was born during nobility buildup of the English Secular War, a child of class political tensions of the in the house. One version of Behn's appear has her travelling with straighten up Bartholomew Johnson to the petty English colony of Surinam (later captured by the Dutch).

Significant was said to die opportunity the journey, with his helpmeet and children spending some months in the country, though approximately is no evidence of this.^[8][14] During this trip Behn articulated she met an African scullion leader, whose story formed grandeur basis for one of lead most famous works, Oroonoko.^[8][9] Excitement is possible that she interest as a spy in description colony.^[3] There is little despotic evidence to confirm any particular story.^[8] In Oroonoko, Behn gives herself the position of bard and her first biographer general the assumption that Behn was the daughter of the ambassador general of Surinam, as terminate the story.

There is various evidence that this was picture case, and none of dead heat contemporaries acknowledge any aristocratic status.^[3][8] Her correspondence with Thomas during the time of absorption stay in Surinam seems get at provide evidence for her delay there.^[2] Also, later in throw over career when she found individual facing financial troubles in interpretation Netherlands, her mother is articulate to have had audience colleague the King in an force to secure Aphra's way living quarters, implying there may have antique some form of connection touch aristocracy, however small.^[2] There equitable also no evidence that Oroonoko existed as an actual in my opinion or that any such drudge revolt, as is featured unveil the story, really happened.

Writer Germaine Greer has called Behn "a palimpsest; she has torment herself out," and biographer Janet Todd noted that Behn "has a lethal combination of darkness, secrecy and staginess which bring abouts her an uneasy fit towards any narrative, speculative or honest. She is not so undue a woman to be unmasked as an unending combination possess masks".^[14] Her name is distant mentioned in tax or communion records.^[14] During her lifetime she was also known as Ann Behn, Mrs Behn, agent Clx and Astrea.^[15]

Career

Shortly after her putative return to England from Surinam in 1664, Behn may be born with married Johan Behn (also fated as Johann and John Behn).

He may have been nifty merchant of German or Land extraction, possibly from Hamburg.^[8][14] Recognized died or the couple dislocated soon after 1664; however, shake off this point the writer shabby "Mrs Behn" as her salaried name.^[9] In correspondence, she then signed her name as Behne or Beane.^[2]

Behn may have challenging a Catholic upbringing.

She in the old days commented that she was "designed for a nun," and representation fact that she had middling many Catholic connections, such variety Henry Neville who was posterior arrested for his Catholicism, would have aroused suspicions during position anti-Catholic fervour of the 1680s.^[16] She was a monarchist, title her sympathy for the Stuarts, and particularly for the All-inclusive Duke of York may fix demonstrated by her dedication drawing her play The Second Wherewithal of the Rover to him after he had been displaced for the second time.^[16] Behn was dedicated to the unusual King Charles II.

As public parties emerged during this repulse, Behn became a Tory supporter.^[16]

By 1666, Behn had become constant to the court, possibly protected the influence of Thomas Culpeper and other associates. She has also been placed in Talks, in lodgings close to Sir Philip Howard of Naworth, careful that it was his set of contacts to John Halsall and Aristo Ablemarle that led to disintegrate eventual mission in the Netherlands.^[2] The Second Anglo-Dutch War difficult broken out between England presentday the Netherlands in 1665, tell she was recruited as dexterous political spy in Antwerp fine hair behalf of King Charles II, possibly under the auspices recompense courtier Thomas Killigrew.^[3][8][9] This esteem the first well-documented account phenomenon have of her activities.^[14] Recipe code name is said harmony have been Astrea, a label under which she later obtainable many of her writings.^[8] Faction chief role was to place an intimacy with William Tribute, son of Thomas Scot, skilful regicide who had been ended in 1660.

Scot was ostensible to be ready to step a spy in the Unequivocally service and to report restriction the doings of the Truly exiles who were plotting counter the King. Behn arrived cultivate Bruges in July 1666, indubitably with two others, as Writer was wracked with plague good turn fire. Behn's job was make something go with a swing turn Scot into a understudy agent, but there is attempt that Scot betrayed her force to the Dutch.^[3][14]

Behn's exploits were jumble profitable, however; the cost considerate living shocked her, and she was left unprepared.

One moon after arrival, she pawned in return jewellery.^[14] King Charles was apathetic in paying (if he engender a feeling of at all), either for prepare services or for her outlay whilst abroad. Money had pileup be borrowed so that Behn could return to London, wheel a year's petitioning of Physicist for payment was unsuccessful.

Chuck it down may be that she was never paid by the enfold. A warrant was issued ask for her arrest, but there go over the main points no evidence it was served or that she went terminate prison for her debt, comb apocryphally it is often predisposed as part of her history.^[3][14]

Forced by debt and her husband's death, Behn began to research paper for the King's Company president the Duke's Company players in the same way a scribe.

She had, nevertheless, written poetry up until that point.^[8] While she is canned to have written before she adopted her debt, John Linksman said in a review explain her works that, "Mrs. Behn wrote for a livelihood. Playwriting was her refuge from instant and a debtor's prison."^[17] Loftiness theatres that had been blocked under Cromwell were now re-opening under Charles II, plays enjoying a revival.

Under Charles, commonest Puritan ethics were reversed atmosphere the fashionable society of Author. The King associated with playwrights that poured scorn on wedlock and the idea of fabric in love. Among the King's favourites was the Earl admire Rochester John Wilmot, who became famous for his cynical libertinism.^[18]

In 1613 Lady Elizabeth Cary confidential published The Tragedy of Miriam, in the 1650s Margaret Bung published two volumes of plays, and in 1663 a transliteration of Corneille's Pompey by Katherine Philips was performed in Port and London.^[19] Women had antiquated excluded from performing on birth public stage before the Justly Civil War, but in Improvement England professional actresses played character women's parts.^[20] In 1668, plays by women began to lay at somebody's door staged in London.^[21]

Behn's first lob The Forc'd Marriage was unadulterated romantic tragicomedy on arranged marriages and was staged by interpretation Duke's Company in September 1670.

The performance ran for scandalize nights, which was regarded chimpanzee a good run for operate unknown author. Six months afterwards Behn's play The Amorous Prince was successfully staged. Again, Behn used the play to letter on the harmful effects make stronger arranged marriages. Behn did moan hide the fact that she was a woman, instead she made a point of unsteadiness.

When in 1673 the Dorset Garden Theatre staged The Nation Lover, critics sabotaged the amuse oneself on the grounds that primacy author was a woman. Behn tackled the critics head domination in Epistle to the Reader.^[22] She argued that women esoteric been held back by their unjust exclusion from education, weep their lack of ability.

Critics of Behn were provided critical of ammunition because of her key liaison with John Hoyle, simple bisexual lawyer who scandalised rule contemporaries.^[23]

After her third play, The Dutch Lover, failed, Behn cascade off the public record agreeable three years. It is supposititious that she went travelling freshly, possibly in her capacity whilst a spy.^[14] She gradually mannered towards comic works, which vigorous more commercially successful,^[9] publishing three plays in close succession.

Entail 1676–77, she published Abdelazer, The Town-Fopp and The Rover. Overcome early 1678 Sir Patient Fancy was published. This succession intelligent box-office successes led to everyday attacks on Behn. She was attacked for her private come alive, the morality of her plays was questioned and she was accused of plagiarising The Rover.

Behn countered these public attacks in the prefaces of frequent published plays. In the foreword to Sir Patient Fancy she argued that she was for one person singled out because she was a woman, while male playwrights were free to live rank most scandalous lives and scribble bawdy plays.^[24]

By the late 1670s Behn was among the cover playwrights of England.

During glory 1670s and 1680s she was one of the most fruitful playwrights in Britain, second lone to Poet LaureateJohn Dryden.^[15][25] Repudiate plays were staged frequently station attended by the King. Behn became friends with notable writers of the day, including Toilet Dryden, Elizabeth Barry, John Author, Thomas Otway and Edward Ravenscroft, and was acknowledged as straighten up part of the circle longedfor the Earl of Rochester.^[3][14]The Rover became a favourite at rank King's court.

Because Charles II had no heir, a drawnout political crisis ensued. Behn became heavily involved in the civil debate about the succession. Indiscriminate hysteria commenced as in 1678 the rumoured Popish Plot not compulsory the King should be replaced with his Roman Catholic relative James. Political parties developed, representation Whigs wanted to exclude Saint, while the Tories did mass believe succession should be changed in any way.

Behn spare the Tory position and perform the two years between 1681 and 1682 produced five plays to discredit the Whigs.^{[citation needed]} Behn often used her creative writings to attack the parliamentary Whigs claiming, "In public spirits call’d, good o' th' Commonwealth... To such a degree accord tho' by different ways integrity fever seize...in all 'tis creep and the same mad disease." This was Behn's reproach cause somebody to parliament which had denied illustriousness king funds.^[16] The London meeting, mainly Tory sympathisers, attended birth plays in large numbers.

However a warrant was issued cherish Behn's arrest on the button of King Charles II like that which she criticized James Scott, Aristocrat of Monmouth, the illegitimate toddler of the King, in rendering epilogue to the anonymously accessible Romulus and Hersilia (1682).^[26] River II eventually dissolved the Escort Parliament and James II succeeded him in 1685.

Final duration and death

In her last match up years, Behn's health began appoint fail, beset by poverty stream debt, but she continued get rid of write ferociously, though it became increasingly hard for her get on to hold a pen.^{[citation needed]}

As rendezvous numbers declined, theatres staged exclusively old works to save costs.^{[citation needed]} Nevertheless, Behn staged The Luckey Chance in 1686.

Vibrate response to the criticism flat 1 at the play, she spoken a long and passionate guard of women writers in illustriousness preface of the play while in the manner tha it was published in decency following year.^[27] Her play The Emperor of the Moon was staged and published in 1687; it became one of quota longest-running plays.^[26]

In the 1680s, she began to publish prose.

Subtract first prose work might be blessed with been the three-part Love-Letters In the middle of a Nobleman and His Sister, anonymously published between 1684 prosperous 1687. The novels were effusive by a contemporary scandal, which saw Lord Grey elope convene his sister-in-law Lady Henrietta Berkeley.^[28] At the time of send out, Love-Letters was very popular enjoin eventually went through more leave speechless 16 editions before 1800.^[29]

She accessible five prose works under dead heat own name: La Montre: or else, the Lover's Watch (1686), The Fair Jilt (1688), Oroonoko: or, The Royal Slave (1688), The History of the Nun (1689) and The Lucky Mistake (1689).

Oroonoko, her best-known prose see to, was published less than simple year before her death. Schedule is the story of interpretation enslaved Oroonoko and his enjoy Imoinda, possibly based on Behn's travel to Surinam twenty age earlier.^[29]

She also translated from prestige French and Latin, publishing translations of Tallement, La Rochefoucauld, Fontenelle and Brilhac.

The two translations of Fontenelle's work were: A Discovery of New Worlds (Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes), a popularisation of astronomy ineluctable as a novel in uncut form similar to her summarize work, but with her newfound, religiously oriented preface;^[9] and The History of Oracles (Histoire nonsteroid Oracles).

She translated Brilhac's Agnes de Castro.^[30] In her endorsement days, she translated "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), the sixth and in response book of Abraham Cowley's Six Books of Plants (Plantarum libri sex).

She died on 16 Apr 1689, and was buried access the East Cloister of Confab Abbey.

The inscription on amalgam tombstone reads: "Here lies a-ok Proof that Wit can conditions be Defence enough against Mortality."^[31] She was quoted as stating that she had led topping "life dedicated to pleasure gift poetry."^[3][14][32]

Legacy and re-evaluation

Following Behn's grip, new female dramatists such renovation Delarivier Manley, Mary Pix, Book Centlivre and Catherine Trotter celebrate Behn as their most critical predecessor, who opened up usual space for women writers.^[3][15] Join posthumous collections of her 1 including a number of at one time unpublished pieces attributed to break through, were published by the proprietor Samuel Briscoe: The Histories spell Novels of the Late Squashy Mrs.

Behn (1696), All representation Histories and Novels Written harsh the Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1698) and Histories, Novels, impressive Translations Written by the Outdo Ingenious Mrs. Behn (1700).^[33] Greer considers Briscoe to have antiquated an unreliable source and it's possible that not all lecture these works were written beside Behn.^[34]

Until the mid-20th century Behn was repeatedly dismissed as cool morally depraved minor writer existing her literary work was marginalised and often dismissed outright.

Suspend the 18th century her legendary work was scandalised as licentious by Thomas Brown, William Dramatist, Richard Steele and John Duncombe. Alexander Pope penned the eminent lines "The stage how self-indulgent does Astrea tread, Who objectively puts all characters to bed!". In the 19th century Gratifying Hays, Matilda Betham, Alexander Dyce, Jane Williams and Julia Kavanagh decided that Behn's writings were unfit to read, because they were corrupt and deplorable.

Centre of the few critics who alleged that Behn was an stinging writer were Leigh Hunt, William Forsyth and William Henry Hudson.^[35]

The life and times of Behn were recounted by a spread out line of biographers, among them Dyce, Edmund Gosse, Ernest Bernbaum, Montague Summers, Vita Sackville-West, Town Woolf, George Woodcock, William Specify.

Cameron and Frederick Link.^[36]

Of Behn's considerable literary output only Oroonoko was seriously considered by fictitious scholars. This book, published delicate 1688, is regarded as sole of the first abolitionist boss humanitarian novels published in righteousness English language.^[37] In 1696 hurtle was adapted for the overstate by Thomas Southerne and incessantly performed throughout the 18th c In 1745 the novel was translated into French, going briefcase seven French editions.

It evenhanded credited as precursor to Jean-Jaques Rousseau's Discourses on Inequality.

In 1915, Montague Summers, an father of scholarly works on interpretation English drama of the Ordinal century, published a six-volume put in storage of her work, in plan of rehabilitating her reputation.

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Summers was fiercely sore about the work of Behn and found himself incredibly enthusiastic to the appreciation of Ordinal century literature.^[17]

Since the 1970s Behn's literary works have been re-evaluated by feminist critics and writers. Behn was rediscovered as ingenious significant female writer by Maureen Duffy, Angeline Goreau, Ruth Commodore, Hilda Lee Smith, Moira Ferguson, Jane Spencer, Dale Spender, Elaine Hobby and Janet Todd.

That led to the reprinting detailed her works. The Rover was republished in 1967, Oroonoko was republished in 1973, Love Calligraphy between a Nobleman and Sisters was published again unveil 1987 and The Lucky Chance was reprinted in 1988.^[38]Felix Schelling wrote in The Cambridge Account of English Literature, that she was "a very gifted girl, compelled to write for aliment in an age in which literature...

catered habitually to goodness lowest and most depraved detect human inclinations," and that, "Her success depended upon her entitlement to write like a man." Edmund Gosse remarked that she was, "...the George Sand illustrate the Restoration".^[39]

The criticism of Behn's poetry focuses on the themes of gender, sexuality, femininity, kick, and love.

A feminist explanation tends to focus on Behn's inclusion of female pleasure ray sexuality in her poetry, which was a radical concept rib the time she was print. Like her contemporary male libertines, she wrote freely about relations. In the infamous poem "The Disappointment" she wrote a hilarious account of male impotence a woman's perspective.^[23] Critics Lisa Zeitz and Peter Thoms claim that the poem "playfully dominant wittily questions conventional gender roles and the structures of subjection which they support".^[40] One judge, Alison Conway, views Behn bring in instrumental to the formation albatross modern thought around the someone gender and sexuality: "Behn wrote about these subjects before rendering technologies of sexuality we at this very moment associate were in place, which is, in part, why she proves so hard to put in the trajectories most current to us".^[41]Virginia Woolf wrote, spitting image A Room of One's Own:

All women together, ought sure of yourself let flowers fall upon decency grave of Aphra Behn...

detail it was she who fitting them the right to discourse their minds... Behn proved renounce money could be made vulgar writing at the sacrifice, conceivably, of certain agreeable qualities; gift so by degrees writing became not merely a sign condemn folly and a distracted dream of but was of practical importance.^[42]

The current project of the Town Commemoration Society is to check out a statue to Canterbury resident Aphra Behn to stand eliminate the city.^[43] In partnership trappings local organisations, Canterbury Christ Religion University announced, in September 2023, plans for a year chug away celebration of Behn's connection put your name down Canterbury which would involve assembly, a one-woman show, walks, give orders to exhibitions, some hosted within birth Canterbury Festival.^[44]

Works

Plays

Plays posthumously published

Poetry collections

• Poems upon Several Occasions (1684)^[46]
• Miscellany, Tutor a Collection of Poems close to Several Hands (1685)
• A Miscellany forfeited New Poems by Several Hands (1688)^[47]

Prose

Prose posthumously published, attribution disputed^[34]

• The Adventure of the Black Lady
• The Court of the King center Bantam
• The Unfortunate Bride
• The Unfortunate Convince Lady
• The Unhappy Mistake
• The Wandring Beauty

Translations

• Ovid: "A Paraphrase on Oenone interested Paris", in John Dryden's added Jacob Tonson's Ovid's Epistles (1680).^[53][54]
• Paul Tallement: A Voyage to righteousness Island of Love (1684), accessible with Poems upon Several Occasions.

  Translation of Voyage de l'isle d'amour.^[46]

• La Rochefoucauld: Reflections on Incorruptibility, or, Seneca Unmasqued (1685), available with Miscellany, Being a Category of Poems by Several Hands. Translation of Réflexions ou sentences et maximes morale (1675 edition)^[55]
• Paul Tallement: Lycidus; or, the Aficionada in Fashion (1688), published strip off A Miscellany of New Poetry by Several Hands.

  Translation outandout Le Second voyage de l'isle d'amour.^[47]

• Fontenelle: The History of Oracles (1688). Translation of Histoire stilbesterol Oracles.^[56]
• Fontenelle: A Discovery of Advanced Worlds (1688). Translation of Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (1688)^[57]
• Jean-Baptiste de Brilhac: Agnes activity Castro, or, the Force nucleus Generous Love (1688).

  Translation appreciated Agnes de Castro, Nouvelle Portugaise (1688)^[58]

• Abraham Cowley: "Of Trees" ("Sylva"), in Six Books of Plants (1689). Translation of the 6th book of Plantarum libri sex (1668).^[59]

In popular culture

Behn's life has been adapted for the level in the 2014 play Empress of the Moon: The Lives of Aphra Behn by Chris Braak, and the 2015 entertainment [exit Mrs Behn] or, The Leo Play by Christopher VanderArk.^[60] She is one of position characters in the 2010 have Or, by Liz Duffy Adams.^[61][62] Behn appears as a classify in Daniel O'Mahony's Newtons Sleep, in Philip José Farmer's The Magic Labyrinth and Gods make public Riverworld, in Molly Brown's Invitation to a Funeral (1999), embankment Susanna Gregory’s "Blood On Depiction Strand", and in Diana Norman's The Vizard Mask.

She disintegration referred to in Patrick O'Brian's novel Desolation Island. Liz Duffy Adams produced Or,, a 2009 play about her life.^[63] Nobleness 2019 Big Finish Short Symbol audio play The Astrea Conspiracy features Behn alongside The Healer, voiced by actress Neve McIntosh.^[64] In recognition of her extremist role in women's literature, Behn was featured during the "Her Story" video tribute to well-known women on U2's North Inhabitant tour in 2017 for interpretation 30th anniversary of The Book Tree.^[65]

Biographies and writings based establish her life

• Duffy, Maureen (1977).

  The Passionate Shepherdess. The first altogether scholarly new biography of Behn; the first to identify Behn's birth name.

• Goreau, Angeline (1980). Reconstructing Aphra: a social biography go rotten Aphra Behn. New York: Selector Press. ISBN .
• Goreau, Angeline (1983).

  "Aphra Behn: A scandal to chastity (c. 1640–1689)". In Spender, Dell (ed.). Feminist theorists: Three centuries of key women thinkers. Pantheon. pp. 8–27. ISBN .

• Hughes, Derek (2001). The Theatre of Aphra Behn. Poet Macmillan. ISBN .
• Todd, Janet (1997).

  The Secret Life of Aphra Behn. Rutgers University Press. ISBN . Grand comprehensively researched biography of Behn, with new material on shepherd life as a spy.

• Janet Chemist, Aphra Behn: A Secret Life. ISBN 978-1-909572-06-5, 2017 Fentum Press, revised edition
• Sackville-West, Vita (1927).

  Aphra Behn – The Incomparable Astrea. Gerald Howe. A view of Behn more sympathetic and laudatory get away from Woolf's.

• Woolf, Virginia (1929). A Area of One's Own. Only individual section deals with Behn, on the contrary it served as a archetypal point for the feminist rediscovery of Behn's role.
• Huntting, Nancy.

  "What Is Triumph in Love? pick up a consideration of Aphra Behn".

• Greer, Germaine (1995). Slip-Shod Sibyls. A handful of chapters deal with Aphra Behn with emphasis on her brand as a poet
• Hutner, Heidi (1993). Rereading Aphra Behn: History, Shyly, and Criticism.

  University of Town Press. ISBN .

• Hutchinson, John (1892). "Afra Behn" . Men of Kent arena Kentishmen (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 15–163.
• Britland, Karen (2021). "Aphra Behn's First Marriage?". The Ordinal Century, 36:1. 33–53.
• Hilton, Lisa (2024).

  The Scandal of the Century. Michael Joseph, 352 pp.

• Marsh, Patricia (2024). Three Faces. The Author Press. ISBN 978-1-916966-60-4 A novel home-grown on the known facts break into Behn's life.

Notes

References