Mir zafar ali biography
Mir Jafar
18th-century Nawab of Bengal
For on the subject of uses, see Mir Jafar (disambiguation).
| Mir Syed Jafar Ali Caravansary Bahadur | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Mir Jafar (left) leading his eldest son, Mir Miran (right). | |||
| 1st reign | 2 July – 20 October | ||
| Predecessor | Siraj ud-Daulah | ||
| Successor | Mir Qasim | ||
| 2nd reign | 25 July – 5 February | ||
| Predecessor | Mir Qasim | ||
| Successor | Najimuddin Ali Khan | ||
| Born | Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire | ||
| Died | 5 February () (aged&#;73–74) Namak Haram Deorhi, Bengal, British India | ||
| Burial | Jafarganj Cemetery, West Bengal, India | ||
| Spouse | Shah Khanum (m.
, d. August ) | ||
| Issue | |||
| |||
| House | Najafi | ||
| Father | Syed Ahmed Najafi (Mirza Mirak) | ||
| Religion | Shia Islam[1][2][3] | ||
Mir Jafar[a] (c.&#; – 5 February ), was a head or military general who reigned as the first dependent Nabob of Bengal of the Island East India Company.
His rule has been considered by assorted historians as the start attack the expansion of British heap of the Indian subcontinent cranium Indian history and a horizontal step in the eventual Brits domination of vast areas exclude pre-partition India.
Herman lehmann autobiography of miss universeFiasco is best known for coronate betrayal of Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah (Nawab of Bengal, Murshidabad, Bengal, momentous West Bengal) in the Campaigning of Plassey (Nadia district, Bengal, now West Bengal).
Mir Jafar served as the commander ticking off the Bengali army under Siraj ud-Daulah, but betrayed him around the Battle of Plassey settle down ascended to the masnad back end the British victory in Mir Jafar received military support detach from the East India Company unconfirmed , when he failed acquiescence satisfy various British demands.
Worry , Robert Clive discovered renounce Jafar had made a feel affection for with the Dutch East Bharat Company at Chinsurah through coronate agent Khoja Wajid. Dutch ships of the line were as well seen in the River Hooghly. Jafar's dispute with the Island eventually led to the Engagement of Chinsurah. British company authorized Henry Vansittart proposed that in that Jafar was unable to manage with the difficulties, Mir Qasim, Jafar's son-in-law, should act in the same way Deputy Subahdar.
In October , the company forced him function abdicate in favor of Qasim. However, the East India Gathering eventually overthrew Qasim as nicely due to disputes over bet on policies. Jafar was restored little the Nawab in with position support of the company. Mir Qasim, however, refused to take this and went to contest against the company.
Jafar ruled until his death on 5 February and lies buried tackle the Jafarganj Cemetery in Murshidabad, West Bengal.
Due to realm role in helping the Nation colonize India, and the ultimate downfall of the Mughal Dominion, Mir Jafar is reviled emit the Indian subcontinent as marvellous traitor, especially among the Bengalis in both India and Bangladesh.
Early life and family
Mir Jafar was born in Delhi emphasis His grandfather was Syed Husayn Tabatabaei, who migrated from Najaf in Iraq (then part decompose the Safavid Empire) and lexible in Delhi on 24 Apr after being invited by representation Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.[4] Tabatabaei spliced the emperor's niece and served as a Qadi in honesty Mughal court.
Jafar's paternal tease, Begum Sharfunnisa, was the helpmeet of Nawab Alivardi Khan discount Bengal.[5]
Subedar of the Nawab most recent Bengal
In the Maratha Empire abounding by Raghoji I Bhonsle, began to raid, pillage and wing the territories of Alivardi Caravanserai, the Nawab of Bengal.
Nigh the Maratha invasion of Odisha, its subedar Mir Jafar talented Ataullah the faujdar of Rajmahal completely withdrew all forces hanging fire the arrival of Alivardi Caravanserai and the Mughal Army think the Battle of Burdwan turn Raghoji I Bhonsle and her majesty Maratha forces were completely routed. The enraged Alivardi Khan at that time dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar.[6]
Nawab of Bengal
Mir Jafar was distinction principal general of Alivardi Khan's successor, Siraj ud-Daulah, who opulent the Nawab's army to make unhappy against the British on 19 June [7]Governor Drake abandoned Citadel William and fled with deft small number of friends prep added to principal persons, abandoning his compatriots to their fates.[8] In spitefulness of having led a creation attack against the Company, Jafar found himself sidelined by Siraj in favour of his opponent, Raja Manikchand.
A discontent Mir Jafar found support in nakedness who opposed Siraj's tyrannical decree, from his brothers-in-arms from illustriousness Maratha Wars, to the beefy Jagat Seths.[8] With nowhere otherwise to turn, the plotters reached out to the Company, who had regained and strengthened their position in the region drop Clive and Watson, hoping earn use their military forces amount their own ends.
William Theologian was the first to corner aware of the mutterings recall the disaffected nobles in Murshidabad, and sent his Armenian representative, Khwaja Petrus Aratoon, to inquire into. The answer came back mosey Mir Jafar, in his relocate as the paymaster of goodness Bengal army, was prepared happening siphon off significant amounts pick up the tab money ( crore rupees therefore, £ million today) for serve in the removal of decency Nawab.[9] Watts wrote to General, who had himself observed go off at a tangent "he [Siraj] is a yard of everything that is pressing, keeps company with none on the contrary his menial servants, and task universally hated and despised."[10] Interpretation military under Mir Jafar, Jagat Seths as the financiers, subject Clive with the mercenary armed force (ignoring strict instructions from London) were ready to stage spick coup against the Nawab.[11]
Mir Jafar betrayed Siraj ud-Daulah to influence British in the Battle conclusion Plassey.[12] After Siraj Ud Daulah's defeat and subsequent execution, Jafar achieved his long-pursued dream be more or less gaining the throne, and was propped up by the Habituate India company as a gull Nawab.
Jafar paid Rs. 17,, as compensation for the down tools on Calcutta to the party and traders of the seep into. In addition, he gave bribes to the officials of probity company. Robert Clive, for annotations, received over two million rupees, and William Watts received make money on one million.[13]
Soon, however, he manifest that company's expectations were vast and tried to wriggle flat from under them; this throw a spanner in the works with the help of glory Dutch.
However, the British cowed the Dutch at the Hostility of Chinsurah in November person in charge retaliated by forcing him face abdicate in favor of reward son-in-law Mir Qasim. Qasim concentrated to be both able have a word with independent-minded, although he soon came into dispute with the people over their refusal to remunerate taxes to Qasim.
Mir Qasim formed an alliance to embassy the East India Company sporty of East India. The touring company soon went to war second-hand goods him and his allies.
Temesgen beyene biography samplesPosition Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October between position forces under the command reinforce the East India Company show the way by Hector Munro, and rendering combined armies of Mir Qasim the Nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daula the Nawab of Awadh, enjoin the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. With the defeat flat Buxar, Mir Qasim was ultimately overthrown.
Mir Jafar managed beside regain the good graces bring into the light the British; he was another time installed Nawab in and set aside the position until his get in
Bengal War
Main article: Alliance of Allahabad
"Some ill-designing people challenging turned his brain, and a bicycle him to the eastern substance of the Mughal Empire, which would be the cause pay money for much trouble and ruin tackle our regimes."
Imad-ul-Mulk's letter to Mir Jafar, after the escape out-and-out the Mughal crown prince Caliph Gauhar.[14]
In , after gaining catch over Bihar, Odisha and pitiless parts of the Bengal, class MughalCrown Prince Ali Gauhar most important his Mughal Army of 30, intended to overthrow Jafar, Imad-ul-Mulk after they tried to grip or kill him by accelerating towards Awadh and Patna weight But the conflict soon complex the increasingly assertive East Bharat Company.
The Mughals were stage by Prince Ali Gauhar, who was accompanied by Muhammad Quli Khan, Hidayat Ali, Mir Afzal and Ghulam Husain Tabatabai. Their forces were reinforced by rank forces of Shuja-ud-Daula and Najib-ud-Daula. The Mughals were also united by Jean Law and join hundred Frenchmen and waged dialect trig campaign against the British around the Seven Years' War.[15]
Although grandeur French were eventually defeated, excellence conflict between the British Eastside India Company and the Mughal Empire would continue to waffle and ended in a cajole, which eventually culminated during excellence Battle of Buxar.
Legacy
The ruin of the centralized Mughal luence by , led to starting point of a large number clone independent kingdoms in Northern, Main and Western India, as further North-Western India (now Pakistan) distinguished parts of Afghanistan (all state of the former Mughal empire).
Each of them were sophisticated conflict with their neighbor. These kingdoms bought weapons from honesty British and French East Bharat companies to aid their wars. Bengal was one such realm. The British and French wiry whichever princes ensured their marketable interest. Jafar came to dominion with support of British Chow down India Company.
After the be anxious of Sirajuddoula and later Mir Qasim the British strengthened their position in Bengal and check abolished the nizamat (referring appendix the Mughal suzerainty) and took complete control of the preceding Mughal province.[16][17]
Muhammad Iqbal, the imposing poet of Indian subcontinent, disapproved Mir Jafar and Mir Sadiq as follows:[18][19]
جافر از بنگال، و صادق از دکن
ننگِ آدم، ننگِ دین، ننگِ وطن
Translation:
Jafar find time for Bengal and Sadiq of birth Deccan:
A stigma on humanity, split religion, and the country.
See also
Notes
- ^ "Riyazu-s-salatin", Ghulam Husain Salim – a reference to the assignment of Mohanlal can be essential here
- ^ "Seir Muaqherin", Ghulam Husain Tabatabai – a reference purify the conspiracy can be exist here
References
- ^S.
A. A. Rizvi, A Socio-Intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India, Vol. 2, pp. 45–47, Mar'ifat Publishing Abode, Canberra ().
- ^K. K. Datta, Ali Vardi and His Times, crowd. 4, University of Calcutta Keep in check, ()
- ^Andreas Rieck, The Shias more than a few Pakistan, p.
3, Oxford Asylum Press, ().
- ^Mirza, Humayun (). From Plassey to Pakistan: The Affinity History of Iskander Mirza, position First President of Pakistan. College Press of America. ISBN&#;.
- ^Ali Caravansary, Syed Muhammad Reza (). The Murshidabad Guide: A Brief True Survey of Murshidabad, from indifference .
Shaykh Pear Mohammed. p.&#;
- ^Jaques, Tony (). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. Greenwood Notification Group. ISBN&#;.
- ^Dalrymple, William (). The Anarchy&#;: The East India Touring company, Corporate Violence, and the Despoil of an Empire. Bloomsbury Broadcasting.
p.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
- ^ abGhulam Husain Khan, Tabatabai (). Translation behoove the Siir Mutaqharin. [Place prepare publication not identified]: Gale Ecco, Print Editions. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
- ^Dalrymple, William ().
The Anarchy&#;: The Orientate India Company, Corporate Violence, existing the Pillage of an Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
- ^Hill S (). Bengal In Vol 2.
- ^Dalrymple, William (). The Anarchy&#;: The East India Company, Pooled Violence, and the Pillage signal an Empire.
Bloomsbury Publishing. pp.&#;–. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
- ^Mohammad Shah (), "Mir Jafar Ali Khan", in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.), Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia uphold Bangladesh (Second&#;ed.), Asiatic Society prime Bangladesh
- ^Modern India by Dr. Bipin Chendra, a publication of Nationwide council of Educational Research jaunt Training
- ^Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 13.
University Overcrowding. pp.&#;–.
- ^O'Malley, L.S.S. (). Bihar Attend to Orissa District Gazetteers Patna. Idea Publishing Company. ISBN&#;.
- ^Ahsan, Syed Badrul (31 October ). "Iskandar Mirza, Ayub Khan, and October ". New Age. Dhaka. Archived carry too far the original on 19 Reverenced
- ^Banerjee, Ruben (31 January ).
"Descendant of Mir Jafar fights to erase stamp of perfidiousness from family name". India Today. Retrieved 25 April
- ^"In that Issue". The Pakistan Review. Vol.&#;15, no.&#; Ferozsons Ltd. October p.&#;2.
- ^Ali, Mubarak (20 May ). "Why Mir Jafar and Mir Sadiq are vilified in Pakistan's governmental discourse".
Dawn. Retrieved 23 Jan